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Alex's Neurophsiology Flashcards > Neuro Exam > Flashcards

Neuro Exam Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

The direct pathway of visual information

A

Photoreceptor to Bipolar Cells to Retinal Ganglion Cells

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2
Q

Varying widths and stiffness along its length allow for selective resonance to sound frequencies

A

Basilar Membrane

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3
Q

In Rods, light energy activates the G Protein on photoreceptors which causes the activation of _

A

Rhodopsin and reduced cyclic GMP

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4
Q

Located in the roof of the nasal cavity, contains bipolar olfactory receptor neurons that detect odorant molecules.

A

Olfactory Epithelium

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5
Q

The type of organisation observed in receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells

A

Centre-surround

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6
Q

Opens or closes in response to mechanical forces, such as pressure or stretch

A

Mechanically-Gated Ion Channel

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7
Q

The inside of the neuron becomes more positive.

A

Depolarization

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8
Q

Small, unmyelinated fibers that conduct slow pain and temperature signals.

A

C Fibres

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9
Q

Unencapsulated receptors found throughout the body that respond to pain, temperature, and crude touch.

A

Free Nerve Endings

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10
Q

No stimulus, no matter how strong, can cause another action potential during this period because the channels are either already open or inactivated.

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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11
Q

Neurotransmitter at the Neuromuscular Junction

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters released from specific areas called active zones

A

Discrete Synapse

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13
Q

The specific area of skin where a stimulus must occur to activate a particular sensory neuron.

A

Receptive Field

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14
Q

The neurotransmitter released in the dark from photoreceptors

A

Glutamate

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15
Q

The indirect pathway of visual information

A

Photoreceptor to Horizontal or Amacrine Cells to Retinal Ganglion Cells

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters stored within varicosities; released from active zones.

A

Diffuse Synapse

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17
Q

Create myelin sheath within central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Hypothalamic region with both magnocellular and parvocellular neurosecretory cells; coordinates endocrine and autonomic output.

A

Paraventricular Nucleus

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19
Q

In the dark, the G Protein on photoreceptors is

A

Inactive

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20
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in what two regions of the spinal cord

A

Cranial and Sacral

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21
Q

Main neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons; acts on adrenergic receptors

A

Noradrenaline

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22
Q

Six layers including magnocellular input and parvocellular input into Layer 4, arranged in orientation-specific columns.

A

Visual Cortex

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23
Q

Division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiological processes, including heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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24
Q

Four termination mechanisms for the action of transmitters in the synapse

A

Diffusion, Re-uptake, Uptake, Enzymes

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25
The two factors that affect the speed of transmission of an action potential
Increasing axon diameter and myelination
26
Amount of active zones per Neuromuscular Junction
300
27
Opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential.
Voltage-Gated Ion Channel
28
The posterior pituitary is responsible for the production and release of which two hormones
Oxytocin and Vasopressin
29
Ions want to move from crowded to less crowded – classic diffusion.
Concentration Gradient
30
G-protein-coupled receptors located on parasympathetic target tissues; mediate slower, prolonged responses.
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors
31
The 4 zones on a neuron
Input, Integration, Conduction, Output
32
Typically 0.5-1 msec due to multiple steps from AP arrival to neurotransmitter binding
Synaptic Delay
33
A type III sensory system consists of what 3 components in their receptor system
Sensory cells connect to relay cells that connect to afferent nerve fibres
34
activate receptors to elicit cellular responses (e.g., opening ion channels, activating G proteins).
Agonist
35
Needs a special key (like a neurotransmitter) to open
Chemically-Gated Ion Channel
36
The Visual Pathway from where it leaves the eye to arrives in the brain (6 Locations)
Retina - Optic Nerve - Optic Chiasm - LGN - Optic Radiations - V1
37
Movement at the oval window displaces fluid in the
Cochlear
38
Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor in dermal papillae; sensitive to light touch and low-frequency vibration.
Meissner's Corpuscle
39
Too much negativity - the neuron is extra chill and harder to excite!
Hyperpolarization
40
Kicks 3 Na+ out, brings 2 K+ in (and needs ATP to work!
Sodium-Potassium Pump
41
During an action potential it enters the cell
Sodium
42
Ganglia are located where in the parasympathetic division
Near or in target organs
43
Large, onion-like receptor deep in the dermis; rapidly adapting and highly sensitive to high-frequency vibration and deep pressure.
Pacinian Corpuscle
44
The ends of nerve fibres connect to special sites on the muscles membrane
Motor end plates
45
Enzyme responsible for the termination of action of Acetylcholine in the synapse
Acetylcholinesterase
46
The neuron's 'chill mode' - inside is more negative than the outside.
Resting Membrane Potential
47
Free nerve endings that detect tissue damage or potential harm; associated with pain perception.
Nociceptors
48
Block receptors, preventing natural signals from binding.
Antagonist
49
Opposites attract - positive ions move toward negative areas!
Electrical Gradient
50
Has a Pit-like appearance where there is lateral displacement of photoreceptors cells
Fovea
51
Receptor types for Salty and Sour tastes and Sweet and Bitter tastes
Ion Channels; GPCRs
52
Opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential.
Voltage-Gated Ion Channel
53
Neural connections change their structure to create more efficient networks in the brain
Structural Neuroplasticity: Sprouting and Pruning
54
Detect linear acceleration and head tilts; contain hair cells oriented for directional sensitivity.
Otolith Organs
55
During an action potential it exits the cell
Potassium
56
Large-diameter, myelinated fibers transmitting fast, discriminative touch signals (e.g., from Merkel or Meissner receptors)
Aβ Fibres
57
Main neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons; acts on adrenergic receptors
Noradrenaline
58
Brain structure coordinating autonomic and endocrine responses to maintain homeostasis
Hypothalamus
59
Functions to amplify sound through ossicular movement.
Middle Ear
60
Located in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei; project to posterior pituitary to release oxytocin or vasopressin directly into circulation.
Magnocellular Neurosecretory Cells
61
The eye is classed as what type of sensory system
Type III
62
Composed of five subunits arranged in a donut structure with a central ion channel; binds two ACh molecules to facilitate signal transmission.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
63
Causes a change in the amount of neurotransmitter released or the number of post-synaptic receptors available
Long-Term Potentiation
64
Slowly adapting mechanoreceptor located in the basal epidermis, detects sustained pressure and texture.
Merkel's Disk
65
Ca²⁺ entry in the pre-synaptic terminal near the active zones allows
Docked vesicles to move & fuse with the membrane.
66
Spatial organization of auditory structures (basilar membrane, cochlear nucleus, auditory cortex) based on frequency.
Tonotopic Mapping
67
Subdivision of the ANS embedded in the GI tract; contains ~100 million neurons and regulates local motility, secretion, and blood flow.
Enteric Nervous System
68
Uses interaural time differences for low frequencies and intensity differences for high frequencies.
Duplex Theory of Sound Localization
69
Specialized capillary network through which hypothalamic parvocellular neurosecretory cells deliver hormones to the anterior pituitary.
Hypophyseal Portal System
70
In the dark, what makes up the dark current in the absence of a stimulus
Influx of Sodium and Calcium

Alex's Neurophsiology Flashcards (2 decks)

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