Neuro module 1 Flashcards
2
Q
Congenital malformation wherein there is a failure in closure of vertebral arches , the Spinal cord &/or nerve roots included
A
Spina bifida with meningomyelocele
3
Q
Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired?
A. Neuroepithelium - neuroblast - neuron
B. Neural tube - mesenchymal cells - microglial cell
C. Ectoderm - neural tube - neuroepithelium - oligodendrocyte
D. Neuroectoderm - glial blast - astrocyte
A
B - Mesenchymal cells are DIRECTLY from MESENCHYME
4
Q
During the third week of embryonic growth the brain begins to develop in the early fetus in a process called _____________
A
Induction
5
Q
Connection between the 3rd and 4th ventricle
A
Cerebral aqueduct
6
Q
A part of a neuron that has special sensory receptors.
A
Dendrites
7
Q
Calvaria and brain are small but the face is normal size, thus the brain is underdeveloped
A
Microencephaly
8
Q
Arachnoid & pia mater is collectively known as
A
Leptomeninges
9
Q
Which part of the neuron is Longer in length, absent Nissl Bodies, absent Spine/ Gemmules
A
AXON
10
Q
During 4th week of development, these flexures persist.
A
Brain flexures (midbrain flexure and cervical flexure)
11
Q
Common symptoms of this disease is Hypoplastic, flaccid bilateral LE. Urinary incontinence due to areflexia.
A
Lumbar menigomyelocele
12
Q
Broca area is located at Brodmann area
A
44, 45
13
Q
True or false. neural crest soon divides into three cell masses
A
False. Two
14
Q
Membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord that is impermeable to fluid
A
Pia mater
15
Q
Posterior lobe of the cerebellum is connected to the ______
A
Cerebral cortex
16
Q
A part of neuron that has specialized motor receptors
A
Axon
MOTOR-ACTION-AXON
17
Q
It surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid
A
Dura mater
18
Q
What cranial nerves are located in the midbrain
A
III , IV
19
Q
The cytoplasm of the cell body contains large aggregations of ___________
A
Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Nissl substances
20
Q
Unipolar neurons in the spinal ganglia are derived from ________________
A
Neural crest cells
21
Q
What part of the brainstem can you see the olives
A
Medulla
22
Q
All sensory neurons and association neurons are Multipolar. TRUE OR FALSE? if false, what makes the statement wrong?
A
FALSE. Motor and association neurons are Multipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are pseudoUnipolar and Bipolar.
23
Q
Separates right and left hemisphere
A
Longitudinal fissure
24
Q
Separates temporal and parietal lobe
A
Lateral fissure of Sylvius
25
Q
Clusters of basophilic Rough ER, found in abundance in the neuron soma.
A
Nissl bodies
26
What lobe of the cerebellum is for the coordination of limb movements
Anterior
27
What part of the brain Forms the caudal floor of the 4th ventricle
Medulla
28
Anomalies associated with acrania
Meroanencephaly
29
Anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum is divided by
Primary fissure
30
There are three types of neurons. Please draw.
Multipolar- Has numerous dendrites projecting from the cell body
Bipolar – only a single dendrite which arises from the pole of the cell body opposite to the origin of the axon
Pseudounipolar – a single dendrite and axon arise from a common stem of the cell body unipolar,
31
Anomaly concerning meninges, part of the brain and ventricular system
Meningohydroencephalocele
32
Also called the neocerebellum
Posterior lobe
33
Cranial nerve IX has ____ function
A. Motor
B. sensory
C. Motor and sensory
```
C. Remember the mnemonic Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Makes Money
Legend
M - motor
S- sensory
B - both
```
34
Failure of the cephalic part of the neural tube to close during the 4th week of development
Exencephaly
35
Immune mediated destruction of myelin confined to the CNS leading to slowing of conduction and neurological dysfunction
Multiple sclerosis
36
What lobe of the cerebellum is associated with balance
Flocculonodular
37
Where can Centers associated with auditory, visual and pupillary reflexes be found
Midbrain
38
Which of the following are not paired correctly:
A. Frontal: logic:: parietal: pain
B. Vagus: sensory:: Abducens: mixed
C. Midbrain: aqueduct :: Thalamus: third ventricle
B - vagus: mixed while abducens: motor
39
This part of the neuron has No Golgi apparatus, and Nissl Bodies
axon
40
What neurotransmitter is secreted by the substantia nigra
Dopamine
41
It lines cavities within brain ( ventricles ) and spinal cord (central canal.
Ependymal cells* cuboidal or columnar in shape
42
Cytoplasmic process of a neuron except
A. Perikaryon
B. Axon
C. Dendrites
A
43
What do you call the swellings or the smaller branches of axon?
Terminal Bouton
44
Pons cranial nerves
Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
45
Brodmann area for primary motor
4
46
When does formation of neural plate takes place
3rd week of gestation
47
NTD's can be predetermined through Amniocentesis which will confirmed an elevated maternal serum called ________
AFP (alpha fetoprotein)
48
Brain stem is composed of
Midbrain, pons, medulla
49
All sensory neurons are Pseudounipolar Except sensory neurons of special senses classified as Bipolar. True or false, if false what makes the statement wrong?
TRUE
50
Reduces the incidence of NTD by as much as 70% if ________ is taken daily 3 months prior to conception and continuing throughout gestation
Folic acid/folate, 400 mg
51
Neuron that is responsible for the myelination of the CNS
Oligodendrites
| PNS- Schwann cells
52
What portion of the brain forms the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the Third ventricle
Hypothalamus
53
Congenital malformation that results in Non fusion of the embryonic halves of the vertebral arches
Spina Bifida
54
Right and left hemisphere is divided by
Longitudinal fissure
55
1. A disorder wherein there is immune mediated destruction of myelin confined to the CNS leading to slowing of conduction and neurological dysfunction.
2. in the PNS?
1. Multiple sclerosis
| 2. Guillain Barre Syndrome
56
True or false. The difference in structure of the superior and inferior follicular is the presence of substantia nigra
False. The presence of red nucleus in the superior and its absence in the inferior colliculi
57
Projection that connects broca's area and wernicke's area?
Arcuate fasciculus
58
Medulla cranial nerves
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
59
Property of a neuron that enables it to transmit information for one cell to another
Conductivity
60
This pathway results in hyperkinesis of the thalamus (if altered with over production excitatory neurotransmitter)
Direct pathway
61
Primary gustatory area can be seen in what lobe
Parietal lobe
62
Separates parietal and occipital lobe
Transverse sulcus
63
dissolution of the Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron
Chromatolysis
64
Brodmann area for primary sensory
3,1,2
65
These are Highly specialized intercellular junctions which allow communication by linking neurones of each nervous pathway
Synapse
66
Immune mediated destruction of myelin inthe PNS; illness is often trigerred by an infection
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
67
What cerebellar lobe is associated with regulation of muscle tone
Anterior
68
True or false. Embryonic endoderm over developing notochord thickens to form neural plate
False. Ectoderm
69
Which part of the brain Influences the timing and force of contractions of voluntary muscle
Cerebellum
70
Indicate the boundary between motor (medial), sensory (lateral)
Striae medullaris
71
Spinal cord in affected area is open because the neural folds failed to fuse
Spina bifida with myeloschisis
72
Brodmann area for wernicke's area
22
73
What neurotransmitter is destroyed during Alzheimer's disease? what destroys it?
Alzheimer’s disease an early pathological feature is loss of synapses from the Hippocampus and Cerebrum;
the synapses mediating neurotransmission are affected; acetylcholine is rapidly destroyed once secreted by cholinesterases
74
Posterior and flocculonodular lobe of the Cerebellum is divided by the
Posterolateral fissure
75
Neural tube : CNS = _____: PNS
Neural crest
76
Extends from the the frontal to occipital bones, above the anterior and middle cranial fossa. Posteriorly above the tentorium cerebelli.
Cerebrum
77
Parietal and occipital lobe is separated by the
parieto-occipital sulcus
78
What type of cell in the nervous system can transform into large amoeboid phagocytic cell cells.
Microglia.*For Protection*irregular shape , rod like comma shaped nucleus *from mesenchyme
79
Anomaly in L5 or S1, presence of small dimple with a tuft of hair
Spina Bifida Occulta
80
True or False. There are no microtubules in mature astrocytes.
True
81
Damage to what area will result to motor aphasia
Broca
82
What layer of the neural tube is the sensory horn located
```
Alar plate
Mantle layer–Gray matter
Alar plate –sensory horn
Basal plate –motor horn•
Marginal layer–White matter
```
83
Upper medulla is also called the
Open medulla
84
True or false. Thalamus receives precortical sensory input from all sensory systems
False. Not olfactory
85
Structural anomalies caused by abnormal __________________
Organogenesis
86
It is the precursor of myelin sheath in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
87
All neurons originate from the ectoderm except
Microglia
88
It functions as a lymphatic system for the brain
Pia mater
89
Shortest part of the brainstem
Midbrain
90
```
Hypothalamus has a role in the ff system except
A. Limbic
B. Skeletal
C. Endocrine
D. Autonomic
```
B
91
Malformed brain is exposed, later this tissue degenerates.
Anencephaly
92
Property of a neuron enables if to be stimulated
Irritability
93
What cell in the nervous system, Mediates metabolic exchange between neurones and blood.
Astrocytes. most important.
*Supporting cell in NS*
Mediate metabolic exchange between neurones and blood*
Regulate the composition of the intercellular environment
94
Forms the floor of the rostral part of the 4th ventricle
Pons
95
A region where 2 Schwann cells meet. It is where axons do not have myelin sheath, thus saltation occurs.
Node of Ranvier
96
Part of the Neuron that is responsible for the genetic and metabolic process
Perikaryon
97
What part of the brain is associated with the Centers associated with deglutition, coughing, vomiting, salivation, tongue movements, respiration and circulation
Medulla
98
Shape of the neuron
Stellate
99
The brain comprises ___% if the body weight
2
100
Large pyramidal cell neurons located within the fifth layer of the grey matter in the primary motor cortex, M1.
Betz cell or Pyramidal cell of Betz
101
How many nucleus are in a neuron
1
102
Embryo is called _____ during neuralation
Neurula
103
Part of a neuron that Receives stimulus
Dendrites - sensory part
104
What meningeal mater and layer contains the cerebrospinal fluid?
Arachnoid Mater- Subarachnoid Space
105
```
Nissl granules is present in
A. Dendrite
B. axon
C. Perikaryon
D. 2 of the above
```
D (perikaryon and dendrite)
106
Neural tube birth defects can be detected by what pre natal screen test
Elevated Alpha fetoprotein ( normal value 0.5- 2.5 MoM)
| Good to know; Down syndrome have low levels of AFP
107
Nissl granule is an example of what organelle
Rough ER
108
What are the 3 covering of the nerves?
Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium
109
Separates frontal and parietal lobe
Central sulcus of rolando
110
True or false. All sensory neurons are bipolar
False. Special senses neurons are bipolar. Others are pseudounipolar
111
Where Centers associated with mastication, eye movements, facial expression, blinking, salivation, equilibrium and audition can be found
Pons
112
It induced the development of the overlying ectoderm into the neural tube, causes central longitudinal axis of the body to be established and eventually will give rise to notochord.
Chordamesoderm
113
Highly specialized intercellular junctions which allow communicationby linking neurones of each nervous pathway
Synapses
114
Largest neuron on the CNS
Betz cell
115
Motor neurone and the muscle fibers which it supplies together constitute a ___
Motor unit
116
When does secondary vesicles of the brain develops
5th week
117
Fusion of the neural folds in the cranial region and closure of the ____________________ form three primary brain vesicles
Rostral neuropore
118
Cells that lines cavities within brain
Ependymal cell
119
What do you call the change wherein Axon and its Myelin sheath degenerates completely?
Wallerian degeneration
120
termination of spinal cord on adult
L1
121
Contains functional centersfor the integrationof all information passing from the brainstem and spinal cord to the cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
122
Nerve cells with common form, function and connections that are grouped together outside the CNS
Ganglia
123
Forms the caudal floor of the 4th ventricle
Medulla oblongata
124
What is the outer layer of cerebrum?What is the inner layer of cerebrum?
CORTEX-"CORNER"- OUTER.
| Medulla inner
125
Only cranial nerve that originates from the posterior part of the brain
4
126
What are the 2 types of Ganglia?
Craniospinal ganglia and autonomic
127
Involved in key developmental processes, from patterning to neuronal migration to their respective role on neurogenesis.
Radial glial cells
128
What divides the trigenimal and vagal tone
Striae medullaris
129
```
Part of the pons except
A. Anterior median sulcus
B. basilar sulcus
C. Facial nerve
D. Vestibulocochlear nerve
```
A. It is part of the medulla
130
Termination of Spinal cord during birth
L3
131
Microtubules: The orientation of microtubules in dendrites is mixed, both plus to minus and minus toplus
Dendrites
132
Cerebellum connected to brainstem through
Cerebellar peduncles
133
```
Pass through the inferior cerebrellar penducles except
A. Posterior lobe
B. anterior lobe
C. Flocculonodular lobe
D. Two of the above
```
A
134
Lysosomes that has already degraded much of its contents,but has non-digestible materials remaining.
Dense bodies
135
Collective term for superior and inferior colliculi
Corpora quadrigemina
136
Caudal tip of the fourth ventricle
Obex
137
It is the dissolution of the RER and loss of cytoplasmic basophilia during onset of regeneration accompanied by Perikaryon
Chromatolysis
138
type of spina bifida wherein Contains meninges with CSF
Spina bifida with meningocele
139
What neurotransmitter stimulates the striatum
Glutamate
140
It receives input from all parts of nervous system and in turn, exerts widespread influence on CNS function
Reticular formation
141
In comatose patients – if condition alters from decerebrate to decorticate posturing. Is this good or bad?
Good
142
A system of spaces in the brain
Ventricles
143
Right and left hemisphere is connected by
Corpus callosum
144
The anterior neuropores close during ____ day of gestation
25th - anterior . Cranial 2/3
| 27th day - posterior. Caudal 1/3
145
what brain structure can be found in the Caudal tip of the 4th ventricle
Obex
146
Name of anterior lobe of the cerebellum according to its phylogeny
Paleocerebellum
147
Relay station of the afferent sensory pathway to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
148
```
Which of the following are not included in the telencephalon
A. Cerebral cortex
B. Basal ganglia
C. Commissures
D. Cerebellar cortex
```
D
149
What lobe of the cerebellum is for the coordination of voluntary movement
Posterior
150
What part of the medulla can cuneate tubercle be found?
A. Anterior
B. Posterior
B.Anterior - pyramid. Olives
| Posterior - gracile, cuneate
151
It acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex, providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull and serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
CSF
152
Parietal and temporal lobe is divided by the
Lateral fissure of Sylvius
153
What part of the brain is conical in shape and connects the Pons above to the Spinal cord below
Medulla
154
Functional name of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum
Vestibular cerebellum
155
What part of the brain is a 2 egg-shaped masses bordering the third ventricle
Thalamus
156
During neurulation, neuroepithelium cells stop expressing ____________ and causes a loss of previous tight junction seal which is required for the generation of nonepithelium cells such as neurons.
Occludin
157
When does neural fold takes place
18th day of gestation
158
Name the layers of cerebral cortex
```
1 - molecular (plexiform) layer
2 - outer granular layer
3 - pyramidal cell layer
4 - inner granular layer
5 - ganglionic layer
6 - multiform cell layer
```
159
What part of the brain is composed of large mass of gray matter that lies on either side of the Third ventricle
Thalamus
160
Extracellular trophic factors that affects progenitor and radial glial cells that can determine whether the cells will differentiate into either neurons or glia
CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor)NGR1 (cytokines or neuregulin 1)
161
What part of the brain Forms the floor of the rostral part of the 4th ventricle
Pons
162
Small amounts of Schwann cell cytoplasm that are not displaced to the periphery during Schwann cell formation of the myelin which subdivide the myelinated axon into irregular portions.
Myelin incisure or Schimdt-lanterman incisure
163
Situated on the anterior surface of the cerebellum below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata
Pons
164
The process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury.
Wallerian degeneration
165
True or false. Cerebral cortex is responsible for more than half of the mass of the brain.
True
166
Narrow part of the brain that passes through the tentorialnotch and connects the forebrain to the hindbrain
Midbrain
167
Axons are first at _________ then a T-shaped fashion ___________
Bipolar; Unipolar
168
Cerebrum : ______= thalamus : 3rd ventricle
Lateral ventricle
169
True Or false. Diencephalon is Consists of a ventral Thalamus and a dorsal Hypothalamus
False. Dorsal thalamus, ventral hypothalamus
170
Defects in the formation of the cranium, often in the squamous part of the occipital bone
Cranium bifidum
171
True or false. Most people are left brain dominant
True
Right handed = left dominant
Left handed = 60% right brain dominant , 40% left brain dominant
172
Innervates the structures of the body wall (muscle, skin, and mucous membrane)
Somatic Nervous System
173
structure that separates lateral ventricle
septum pellucida
174
largest commissure of the brain
corpus callosum
175
What are the three primary vesicles?
Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon
176
consist of the white matter located between the basal ganglia and the thalamus
internal capsule
177
Trace the derivatives of the brain vesicles
Telencephalon --- w: Cerebral Hemispheres; c: lateral ventricles
Diencephalon --- w: Thalami; c: Third ventricle
Mesencephalon --- w: Midbrain; c: Aqueduct
Metencephalon --- w: Pons and Cerebellum; c: upper part of fourth ventricle
Myelencephalon --- w: Medulla; c: lower part of the fourth ventricle
178
structure located between the telencephalon and mesencephalon and between the interventricular foramen and the posterior commissure
Diencephalon
179
A.k.A epiphysis cerebri
pineal body
180
Thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord, that is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.
Ependyma
181
structure separated from the hypothalamus via hypothalamic sulcus
thalamus
182
Positional changes of Spinal Cord during 6 months
S1
183
a.k.a ventral thalamus
subthalamus
184
separates occipital lobe and cerebellum
transverse sulcus
185
result from closure of the anterior neuropore
lamina terminalis
186
structure that connects lat ventricle and 3rd ventricle
foramen of monro
187
structure in the medulla oblongata that contains the corticospinal tract
pyramid
188
a.k.a. stupid cranial nerve
trochlear nerve
189
structure that is attached to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncle
cerebellum
190
structure that separate cerebellum from temporal lobe and occipital lobe
tentorium cerebelli
191
connects the cerebellum to pons and mid brain
sup. cerebellar peduncle
192
lesion on wernicke's will result to what aphasia?
fluent aphasia or sensory aphasia
193
structure locate between the primary fissure of cerebellum and posterolateral fissure
posterior lobe
194
lesion on area 41,42 will lead to?
deafness
195
BG system: structure associated with Corpus striatum
Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus
