neuro one liners Flashcards by Joe Cioccio

2 associations of anencephaly

low folic acid, maternal diabetes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chorea is from this lesion

basal ganglia i.e. caudate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimers? What may senile plaques cause?

Senile plaques are extracellular B amyloid plaques that may cause amyloid angiopathy and neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular tau protien aggregates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is the area of the brain that partial seizures most commonly arise

medial temporal lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a butterfly glioma?

A type of GBM (usually) that crosses the corpus callosum to look like a butterfly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structure is at risk in a cingulate gyrus subfalcine herniation

ACA as it runs between the cingulate gyri

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can you differentiate a peripheral nystagmus from a central nystagmus with positional testing?

Peripheral nystagmus has a delayed horizontal nystagmus while Central nystagmus has an immediate nystagmus in any direction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cerebellar input is via which peduncles while cerebelllar ouput is via what peduncles?

Input is MCP which is cortical input and ICP which is input from the body while output is via the SCP (Purkinje fibers) to the cortex to modulate movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Athetosis is from this lesion

basal ganglia resulting in slow writhing movements

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is the main autoregulatory molecule for cerebral perfusion

PCO2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Response of HIV infected microglia

form multinucleated giant cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sturge Weber, Neurofibromatosis type I and Von Hippel lindau all share association with this tumor

Pheochromocytoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas located

Broca’s is inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe and Wernickes is superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These thalamic nuclei receive sensory input from the body and face, respectively

Body is VPL, and face is VPM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Huntington’s disease is from what trinucleotide repeat? Freidrich’s ataxia? What are the gene products?

CAG = Huntingtin protein (chromosome 4) and GAA = Frataxin (chromosome 9)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is a common cause of locked in syndrome

Central pontine myelinolysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This childhood tumor is characterized by homer-wright rosettes and may send drop metastases to the spc

Medulloblastoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All sensory corpuscles are myelinated except

C fibers of free nerve endings, A-delta are myelinated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenburg syndrome) is caused by blockage of this artery

PICA paramedian branches

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fried egg on H/E stain

oligodendrocyte

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hemiballismus results from this lesion

contralateral subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The anteromedial surface of the brain is supplied by this artery

ACA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is the major difference between simple and complex partial seizures

in complex partial seizures, conciousness is impaired

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common spinal levels for syringomyelia

C8-T1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These 3 causes of dementia may have hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Alzheimer's, Pick's frontotemporal dementia, and advanced HIV demetia

These 3 proteins are associated with early onset Alzheimer's also what chromosome?

APP (21--assoc with Down's) Presenilin 1 (14) and presenilin 2 (1)

Which cells are affected in progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy?

oligodendrocyte

This artery is a common location of lacunar infarcts

lateral striate artery

These 2 nervous system cells are from neural crest.. What stain is used for neural crest? What skin lesion is positive?

Scwhann cells and PNS neurons; S-100, malignant melanoma b/c melanocytes from neural crest

Which adult/childhood tumors are GFAP positive?

Adult = GBM and Kid = pilocytic astrocytoma (good prognosis)

This childhood tumor is characterized by Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic corkscrew like fibers)

Pilocytic astrocytoma (GFAP positive)

These 4 areas are most susceptible to hypoxia

Cerebellum, neocortex, hippocampus, and watershed areas (ACA/MCA and MCA/PCA)

What is the difference between cerebellar vermis lesions and cerebellar hemisphere lesions?

Cerebellar vermis lesions lead to truncal ataxia (medially located) whereas cerebellar hemisphere lesions lead to ipsilateral limb ataxia

Major distinguishing factor between epidural and subdural hematoma on CT scan aside from shape?

Subdurals can cross suture lines, epidurals cannot

This hypothalamic area is responsible for hunger

Lateral hypothalamic area

Essential tremor can be treated with (2)

Primidone and Beta blockers

The lateral surface of the brain is supplied by this artery

MCA

5 Childhood primary brain tumors

Medulloblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, ependymoma, hemangioblastoma, craniopharyngioma

What syndrome are childhood cerebellar hemangioblastomas associated with? Why might they be polycythemic?

Von Hippel Lindau (loss of VHL on chromosome 3)? They have the ability to produce EPO

This adult tumor is located in the frontal lobes with a chicken-wire capillary appearance

oligodendroglioma, recall the cells will have fried egg appearance

This tumor has spindle cells in a whorled pattern and is derived from arachnoid cells

meningioma (#2 most common primary brain tumor in adult)

This childhood tumor is characterized by perivascular pseudorosettes

ependymoma poor prognosis

Lewy body dementia is from a defect in this

alpha-synuclein

A lesion of the right parietal lobe results in this

Spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral world) this is because the right side is primarily the non-dominant side

The middle meningeal artery is a branch of this artery

maxillary artery

Major association of INTRAparenchymal hemorrhage

Chronic HTN i.e. charcot-bouchard anuerysm

This hypothalamic area is responsible for satiety

ventromedial (if you zap it you grow ventrally and medially)

What occurs in severe hypotension with damage to these watershed areas 1) ACA/MCA and 2) PCA/MCA

1) upper leg and upper arm defect 2) higher order visual processing defect

What is defective in the lysosomal storage diseases: Krabbe Disease and Metachromatic leukodystrophy

Krabbe is defective galactocerebrosidase and Metachromatic leukodystrophy is defective arylsulfatase A

How can you differentiate a cluster headache from trigeminal neuralgia? What is the DOC for trigeminal neuralgia?

Trigeminal neuralgia is much shorter in duration i.e. less than 1 min while cluster headaches can be 3 hr... Carbamazepine

These 4 nervous system cells are from neuroectoderm

CNS neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendroglia, and astroctyes

The posterior and inferior sections of the brain are supplied by this artery

PCA

What are the input and output nerves to the cerebellum called

input = climbing and mossy fibers, output are Purkinje fibers

A primary brain tumor in adults that is S-100 positive is most likely located where?

At the cerebellopontine angle, this describes a schwanomma

These are the earliest sign of ischemic brain damage on H/E

Red neurons

What is xanthochromia on spinal tap? What Tx do they need to prevent a sequelum 2-3 days later?

yellow CSF from blood breakdown, since this can lead to vasospasm, prophylax with nimodipine

What gene and chromosome are affected in Von Hippel Lindau?

VHL tumor suppressor gene, chromosome 3

What herniates in an uncal herniation

medial temporal lobe

Intention tremors imply this lesion

cerebellar

This capillary type is present in circumventricular organs

fenestrated to allow molecules from the blood

This occurs with a lesion to the paramedian pontine reticular formation

The eyes deviate away from the lesion

Alzheimer's patients have low levels of this neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine

Transposition of the great vessels and anencephaly share this risk factor

maternal diabetes

Which type of headache may induce Horner's syndrome

Cluster

Classic finding in CSF of Guillian Barre

really high protein with normal cell count

5 findings in neurofibromatosis type I

Caf? au lait spots, Lisch nodules, Optic gliomas, pheochromocytoma, neurofibromatoses of the skin

These thalamic nuclei receive sensory input from the eyes and ears respectvely

sight = lateral geniculate nucleus, hearing = medial geniculate nucleus

3 associations with berry aneuryms?

Ehlers Danlos, Marfan's, and ADPKD (chromosome 16)

Type of hydrocephalus caused by scarring of arachnoid granulations

communicating hydrocephalus

Diagnostic CSF finding in MS

oligoclonal bands

In general which body parts are most affected in MCA and ACA infarcts

MCA upper limb and aphasia and ACA is mostly lower limb

This artery travels with CN III and an aneurysm may result in CN III palsy

posterior communicating artery

This gene/chromosome is affected in Neurofibromatoisis type I (von Recklinghuasen's disease)

NF1 chromosome 17 autosomal dominant

Medial medullary syndrome is caused by blockage of this vessel

anterior spinal artery

These hypothalamic areas are responsible for heating and cooling

heating is posterior and cooling is anterior hypothalamus (i.e. Anterior like AC)

Lewy bodies are composed of this

alpha synuclein

This protein is associated with late onset Alzheimer's

APOE4 (chromosome 19)

Disinhibition and and deficits in concentration, orientation, and judgement, with REEMERGENCE OF PRIMITIVE REFLEXES may be from this lesion

Frontal lobe lesion

Post infectious encephalomyelitis is most commonly caused by these 2 agents

measles (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) and VZV

these are the 4 deep nuclei of the cerebellum

dentate, globose, emboliform, vestigial

Moderate and severe forms of holoprosencephaly

moderate has cleft lip and palate (or a single front tooth), sever has cyclopia

An aphasia that results in the inability to REPEAT but ability to comprehend and speak fluently arises from a lesion where?

Arcuate fasiculus which connects Wernickes to Brocas

This tumor has a pseudopallisading pleomorphic appearance in an adult

GBM

5 Adult primary brain tumors

Glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, pituitary adenoma, Schwannoma

Bilateral amygdala lesions i.e. Kluver Bucy Syndrome are associated with what infection

HSV-1

Acetylcholine is produced in this nucleus

Basal nucleus of Meynert (nucleus basalis)

The classic triad of MS

Scanning speech Intention tremor (internuclear ophthlamoplegia, incontinence) and Nystagmus (SIN)

2 tests for neural tube defects

alpha fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterae

5-HT is produced in this nucleus

Raphe nucleus

2 types of tumors found in Sturge Weber Syndrome, also in what distribution is the Nevus flammeus usually located?

Ipsilateral leptomeningeal angiomas and pheochromocytomas? The port wine stain is in the V1 distribution

neuro one liners Flashcards

(90 cards)