Neuro part 2 Flashcards
what is the patho of bacterial meningitis
infection of the pia matter and arachnoid villi, the subarachnoid space (space between the two), the ventricular system, and the CSF
what would a lumbar puncture show for bacterial meningitis
increased neutrophils, decreased glucose, increased protein
what would a lumbar puncture show for viral meningitis
increased lymphocytes (t), normal glucose, slightly increased protein
what is aseptic meningitis
usually viral encephalitis; generally limited to meninges (not found in CSF), no pus or exudate
are symptoms more severe in bacterial or viral meningitis
bacterial
what is the patho for fungal meningitis
fungi enter nervous sytem and produce granuloma/gelantinous masses in the meninges at the base of the brain –> thrombosis, infarction, hydrocephalus, cranial nerve dysfunction (compression)
who is qualified to get meningitis vaccine
all children at 1 year & in grade 7
high risk children should also get 2 doses of 4cMenB and quadrivalent Men-C-ACYW q3-5years
adults just get quad
what is the criteria for epilepsy
- 2 unprovoked seizures occurring >24h apart
- 1 unprovoked seizures and a probability of further seizures
- a diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome
how are seizure classified (3 things)
- onset - focal, generalized, or unknown
- aware/unaware
- motor/non-motor
what is epilepsy syndrome
a complex of clinical features, S&S that together define a distinctive recognizable clinical seizure disorder
what is focal onset
starts in cluster of neurons in one hemisphere - manifests as unilateral symptoms, can be aware or non aware
define the following motor manifestations: automatisms, atonic, clonic
Automatisms (more or less coordinated, purposeless, repetitive motor activity)
Atonic (sudden loss of muscle tone; can see someone fall; mainly children)
Clonic (focal rhythmic jerking)
define the following motor manifestations: epileptic spasms, hyperkinetic, myoclonic, tonic
Epileptic spasms (focal flexions or extensions of arms; flexion of trunk)
Hyperkinetic (pedaling, thrashing activity)
Myclonic (irregular, brief, jerking movements, lasts sec-min, person can be aware or momentary loss of consciousness)
Tonic (sustained focal stiffening)
define the following non motor terms: autonomic, behaviour arrest, cognitive
Autonomic (focal autonomic sensations like GI sensations, sense of heat or cold, flushing, pyloerection, palpitations, etc)
Behaviour arrest (cessation of movement & unresponsiveness)
Cognitive (pt reports deficits in language, thinking or assoc higher cortical functions)
define the following non motor terms: emotional, sensory
Emotional (emotional changes incl fear, anxiety, anger, laughing, etc)
Sensory (somatosensory, olfactory, visual, auditory, taste, temp, position sensations)
what is generalized onset
onset involved both hemispheres (focal can become generalized)
do you use awareness to classify generalized seizures?
no - most are unaware, only use motor/non-motor
what do the terms tonic & clonic refer to
tonic = limb/neck stiffening, elevation
clonic = sustained rhythmic jerking of limbs on both sies
what is myoclonic
in isolation or conjunction with tonic or atonic activity, differs from clonus by being briefer and not regularly repetitive
what is myoclonic-tonic-clonic
begin with a few myoclonic jerks followed by tonic-clonic activity
what is tonic-clonic
clonic phase –> regularly decreasing frequency of jerks over course, awareness is lost with stiffening & jerking (tonic), may invoke nonspecific feeling of impending seizure
what is myoclonic-atonic
brief jerking followed by limp drop
what is an epileptic spasm
sudden flexion, extension or mixed of predominantly proximal and truncal muscles (infantile spasms)
what is myoclonic absence
rhythmic 3 second myoclonic movements
