Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology SEM 2 > Neuro Pathologies > Flashcards

Neuro Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Medial Cerebral Artery Supply?

A
  • Most Outer Surface
  • Sensorimotor Cortex
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Internal Capsule
  • Brocas Area ( on left)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the Anterior Cerebral Artery Supply?

A
  • Frontal Lobe

- Medial part of sensorimotor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the Posterior Cerebral Artery supply?

A
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Thalamus - Sensory lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the Basillar Artery supply?

A
  • All of the Brain stem
  • Cerebellum
  • Nuclei of Cranial Nerve , facial nerve and Vagus nerve.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give the 4 Types of Hemorrhagic Stroke

A
  • Intracerebral
  • Subarachnoid
  • Subdural
  • Extradural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding due to rupture of congenital aneurysm. AVM or Trauma. Leading to sudden intense vomiting ( Vestibular Disturbance), stiff neck and loss of consciousness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give the background pathology of a Intracerebral Haemorrhage

A
  • Deep bleed
    -Associated with Hypertension
    -Arterial wall weaken = Micro aneurysm , leading to rupture and bleed
    = Severe headache and Vomiting.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give the background pathology of a Subdural Haemorrhage

A

-Subdural space
-Trauma
Headache,Drowsiness,Stupor
(Unconsciousness ), Hemiparesis, Coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give the background pathology of a Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

A

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding from a damaged artery at the surface of the brain. This bleeding often causes a sudden, severe headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give the background pathology of a Extradural Haemorrhage

A
  • Trauma

- Tearing of Meningeal Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are strokes treated?

A
  • Medical emergency
  • MRI/CT
  • SAH , surgery
  • SDH,EDH,IDH = Treat Hypertension
  • Osmotic agents
  • Other tests,Blood tests , echo-cardiology.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Hemiplegia?

A
  • Paralysis of 1 side
  • Right CVA - Left hemiplegia
  • Left CVA- right hemiplegia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give the Motor Pathway

A
  • Motor Cortex
  • Cortico-spinal tract
  • 80% fibres cross
  • Synapses w/alpha motor neurone
  • Peripheral motor nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give the Motor Symptoms associated with a Stroke

A
  • Low tone
  • High tone
  • Weakness
  • Hemiplegia/Asymmetry
  • Decrease in normal movement patterns
  • Decrease balance
  • Ataxia - Uncoordinated movement - Compensatory movements used to counterbalance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

State the incidence rate of Hypo and Hypertonicity

A
  • 5% in the first 10 ten days

- 8/10 experience weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give the Sensory Pathway

A
  • Sensory receptors
  • Sensory peripheral nerves
  • Dorsal tracts
  • Thalamus
  • Sensory cortex - front of the parietal lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give the Sensory symptoms associated with a Stroke

A
  • Impaired cutaneous sensation
  • Stereognosis - objects and depth perception
  • Proprioceptive impairment
  • Homonygous hemianopia
  • Visual field loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Expressive Dysphasia ?

A
  • Decreased ability to produce speech

- Brocas area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Receptive Dysphasia?

A
  • Decreased ability to understand speech

- Wernikes area in the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give the Cognitive Symptoms associated with Stroke

A
  • Agnosia - inability to recognise objects
  • Astereognosis - Inability to recognise objected using active hand touch without sensory input
  • Visual and Auditory Agnosia - can bring up safety issues
  • Depth perception
  • Apraxia - Out of order
  • Anosagnosia- Not recognising that they have had a stroke
  • Inattention and neglect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is it important to identify neglect in a stroke patient/

A
  • Can be Cog , Sensory or Visual
  • Poor Prognosis
  • Left hemiplegia
  • Fails to attend stimuli from functional problems
  • Left side = Self care , eating , dressing , walking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give Other related problems with Stroke

A
  • Disorder of emotion
  • Dysphasia - x swallow
  • Incontinence
  • Secondary musculoskeletal problem
  • Balance/gait problems
  • Functional difficulties
  • Social problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Factors affecting Stroke recovery

A
  • Extend and nature of lesion
  • Integrity of collateral circulation
  • Pre-morbidity
  • Age
  • Capacity of nervous system to reorganise
  • Environment
  • Motivation and attitude
  • Patient participation
  • Patient experience
  • Co-existing conditions
  • Nutrition/Hydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a Stroke?

A
  • Also know as a CVA
  • Rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain
  • Can be due to ischemia (lack of blood flow)caused by a blockage or Haemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a Transient Ischaemic attack ( TIA)

A
  • Part of the brain not receiving enough blood
  • Risk of more serious stroke in the future
  • Symptoms lasting less then 2 hours , any more = Stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Neuroplasticity?

A
  • Primary recovery following stroke
  • Adaptive capacity of the CNS
  • Discovering new pathways
  • Phantom limb
  • Learning of new skills
  • Unmasking of dormant pathways to increase synaptic strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the formations of New Synapses called

A
  • Collateral Sprouting from intact nerve cells- Derivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Risk Factors of Stroke

A
  • Stroke
  • Hight Cholesterol
  • Age
  • Hypertension
  • AF
  • Diabetes
  • Hight salt diet
  • Contraceptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Degeneration of dopamine producing neurones in the Substantia basal ganglia
30
Q

Give the Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • increase likelihood with age
  • men more than women
  • 15% genetic
  • influences by environmental factors
31
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia do?

A
  • Movement memory
  • Initiation and Planning
  • Regulation of muscle tone
  • Inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movements
32
Q

Explain the effect of Dopamine on Direct and indirect pathways

A

Direct = promotes movement

Indirect =Inhibits movement

Dopamine excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway.

  • in Parkinson’s a lack of dopamine = lack of movement.
33
Q

Give the Primary Clinical features of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Bradykinesia/Akinesia
Resting Tremor - Pill rolling tremor
Rigidity- Stiff inflexible , resistance to passive movement, lead pipe or cog wheel

34
Q

Give 5 secondary features of Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • loss of facial expressions
  • Monotone speech
  • Problems w/swallowing
  • depression
  • Sleep disorders
35
Q

What is Postural Instability in relation to Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Develops later
  • Flexed posture
  • Flexed hips and knees
  • Unable to access balance reactions
36
Q

What medications are used in the management of Parkinson’s Disease

A 
Dopamine replacements - Sinemet 
-Madopar 
-Levadopar 
Dopamine copycats - Apomorphine 
-Dopamine Protectors 
-Anticholinergics
37
Q

What surgeries are used in the treatment of Parkinson’s

A
  • Pallidotomy
  • Thalamotomy
  • Stem cell research.
38
Q

What outcome measure is used in Parkinson’s Disease

A

Hoehn and Yahr Scale

Measures from 0 - 5 ( including stages 1.5 and 2.5)

39
Q

Give the background Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Chronic demyelinating disease
  • 20-40s
  • 3 x as likely in females
  • no cure , medicines can help
  • more common in temperate climate, socioeconomic and caucasian
40
Q

Give the background pathology of Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • disruption of blood brain barrier
  • leakage of inflammatory cells
  • Destruction of Myelin sheath and Oligodendrocytes
  • Destruction of nerve signals , rate of conduction of nerves decreases
  • Plaques can then form through out CNS- no conduction
41
Q

Signs and Symptoms of MS

A
  • Visual problems
  • Weakness
  • Spasticity
  • Ataxia
  • Sensory loss
  • poor balance
  • Dizziness
  • Sexual Dysfunction
  • Fatigue
  • Limbic system
42
Q

Give the four stages of MS

A

1 - Benign MS
2-Relapsing Remitting MS
3-Secondary Chronic MS
4-Primary Progressive

43
Q

Give the features of a MS relapse

A
  • Lasts 24hrs
  • Objective findings
  • 30 days after prior
  • Multiple Paroxysmal episode
44
Q

What methods are used in the Diagnosis of MS?

A
  • Lumbar puncture
  • MRI - plaque formation
  • nerve conduction
45
Q

Give the initial symptoms of MS

A
  • Limb weakness - 40%
  • Optic neuritis
  • Parasthaesia
  • Diplopia
  • Vertigo
  • Micturition problems
46
Q

Give same of the medications used to treat MS

A
  • IV methyl prednisolone
  • Ranitidine
  • Plasmapheresis
47
Q

Give the overly prognosis for MS

A
  • Highly variable
  • 50% walking unaided 15 years after diagnosis
  • 30% decreased quality of life
  • Suicide 7.5 time national average
  • Wide variation in impact on lifespan - risk of infection
48
Q

What is the Spinothalamic tract?

Ascending

A
  • Pain and Temperature
49
Q

What is the dorsal columns? Cuneatus and Gracillis.

Ascending

A
  • Touch , position sense , Vibration

- Cross in the medulla

50
Q

What is the Spinocerebellar tract?

Ascending

A
  • Proprioceptive information

- Most uncrossed

51
Q

What is the Corticospinal Tract?

A
  • lateral , motor info for limbs

- Anterior , motor info for axial muscles

52
Q

What is the Vestibulospinal tract?

A

Integration of head and neck and trunk extremities

- Uncrossed

53
Q

What is the Reticulospinal tract

A
  • Lateral - facilities flexion and inhibits extension

- Medial - opposite

54
Q

What is the Rubrospinal tract?

A

Control of fine movements

55
Q

What is Tectospinal tract?

A

Controls muscles in response to visual stimuli

56
Q

What results in a non-traumatic SCI

A
  • Degenerative disc problems
  • infarct/bleed
  • Tumour
  • injection/inflammation
  • developmental/congenital problems
57
Q

What are the vulnerable areas of the spine?

A
  • Cervical spine - C5-7 -55%
  • Thoracolumbar - T12
  • Mid thoracic T4-7
58
Q

What are the 3 different mechanisms of a SCI

A
  • Destruction from direct trauma
  • compression by bone fragmentation, hematoma or disc material.
  • Ischemia from damage or impingement on the spinal cord arteries
59
Q

What is Tetraplegia?

A
  • all 4 limbs - cervical
60
Q

What is paraplegia?

A
  • Trunk , legs , pelvis

- Thoracic/lumbar/sacral segments

61
Q

What is an complete spinal cord injury

A
  • Complete loss of function below point of injury

- outcome more predictable

62
Q

What is an incomplete spinal cord injury?

A
  • Some neural activity with a less predictable outcome

- now more common 55 - 65%

63
Q

What will total complete lesion lead to?

A
  • damage to descending - UMU
  • Damage to anterior motor neurone and LMU
  • Spinal shock
  • Flaccidity
  • Spasticity and spasms
64
Q

What will total transection lead to?

A
  • Impairment of deep and superficial sensation.
  • Autonomic dysfunction
  • Vasomotor control
  • postural hypotension
  • Autonomic Dysreflexia - sudden onset of high blood pressure
  • Problems with bladder and bowel function
  • Problems with sexual function
65
Q

What is Central Cord Syndrome?

A
  • Whip lash
  • Motor dysfunction in upper limb
  • Bladder dysfunction
  • Corticospinal and Spinothalamic tacts
66
Q

What is Anterior Cord Syndrome?

A
  • Disc herniation
  • Motor paralysis
  • decreased pain and temp
  • Retained proprioception and vibration
67
Q

What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome ?

A
  • Stab or Gun-shot wound
  • Motor deficit and Numbness
  • Loss of pain and temp sensation on opposite side.
68
Q

What is ABI?

A
  • Anoxic brain injury
  • Acquired
  • Trauma and non - traumatic , stroke, infections , tumours and seizures.
69
Q

What is a TBI?

A

Traumatic Brain injury

  • Accidents , suicide , assault, shaken , strike to the head
  • Countercoup - affect side of the brain opposite to impact
70
Q

What is an open-wound injury in relation to TBI

A
  • Life threatening
  • Skull penetrating
  • Linear, diastatic , depressed , Basilar Skull fracture
71
Q

What is a Closed head injury?

A
  • Majority of head injuries
  • Demyelination
  • Diffuse axonal injury
  • Concussion
  • Intracranial haematoma
  • Cerebral contusion
72
Q

What is the Crushing Injury?

A
  • Compression

- Rare but most damaging

Pathology SEM 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions