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NEURO PHYSIO Flashcards

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1
Q

AXON TERMINAL to SOMA (CELL BODY)

Recycles synaptic vesicle membrane for lysosomal degradation

A

Retrograde Axonal Transport

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2
Q

What do you call the death of the axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected?

A

ANTEROGRADE/ORTHOGRADE DEGENERATION

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3
Q

What do you call the changes to the soma after an axon is transected?

A

AXONAL REACTION/ CHROMATOLYSIS

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4
Q

Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNs or PNS?

A

PNS

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5
Q

Used by a neuron to communicate with another neuron across a SYNAPSE

Maybe excitatory, inhibitory or both

A

NUEROTRANSMITTERS

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6
Q

Secreted by neurons in many areas:

  • LARGE PYRAMIDAL CELLS IN MOTOR CORTEX
  • BASAL GANGLIA (NUCLEUS BASALIS OF MEYNERT)
  • SKELETAL MUSCLES
  • ALL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF ANS
  • POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF PARASYMPATHETIC NS
  • SOME POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF SYMPATHETIC NS
A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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7
Q

Synthesis: uses ACETYL COA and CHOLINE

A

Enzyme: CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE

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8
Q

Degradation: produces ACETATE and CHOLINE

A

Enzyme: ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

CHOLINE is recycled

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9
Q

Is deficient in ALZHEIMER’s DISEASE

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

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10
Q

Found mainly in the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS COMPACTA AND VENTRAL SEGMENTAL AREA

A

Dopamine

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11
Q

Degraded by MAO (IN PRESYNAPTIC NERVE TERMINALS), COMT (IN TISSUES INCLUDING LIVER)

A

Dopamine

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12
Q

Dopamine deficiency

A

PARKINSON’s DISEASE

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13
Q

Dopamine excess

A

SCHIZOPHRENIA

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14
Q 
Secreted by many neurons:
BRAIN STEM
HYPOTHALAMUS
LOCUS CERULEUS IN THE PONS
POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF SYMPATHETIC NS
A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

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15
Q

Control overall activity and mood of the mind, such as increasing the level of WAKEFULNESS

may be EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY

NE and Epi acts on ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

A

NE and Epi

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16
Q

ILOCUS NORte

A

LOCUS ceruleus = NORepinephrine

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17
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A

“PARE, TRUE LOVE DOES NOT EXIST to ME”

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
L-Dopa
Dopamine
NE
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Melanin
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18
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

“TRIP MO SYA NOH?”

Tryptophan
Melatonin
Serotonin
Niacin

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19
Q

Secred mainly by the MEDIAN RAPHE OF THE BRAIN STEM

A

Serotonin

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20
Q

Inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord

A

Serotonin

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21
Q

“happy hormone”

Low levels seen in clinical depression

A

Serotonin

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22
Q

From Tryptophan (W)

A

Serotonin

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23
Q

In the pineal gland, it is converted to MELATONIN

A

Serotonin

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24
Q

Serotonin

A

“Si MRS mahilig sa Dark na Tsokolate”

Median Raphe: Serotonin

converted to Melatonin (Dark)
comes from Tryptophan

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25
Secreted in areas of the brain responsible for long term behavior and memory
Nitric Oxide
26
From Arginine
Nitric Oxide
27
Short acting inhibitory neurotransmitter
Nitric Oxide
28
Differences from other NTs: not performed and stored in vesicles - synthesized almost instantly as needed - PERMEANT GAS THAT DIFFUSES TOWARDS ITS TARGET CELL
Nitric Oxide
29
From Histidine
HISTAMINE
30
Located mainly within the TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
Histamine
31
Involved in control of AROUSAL, SLEEP AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
Histamine
32
INHIBITORY nuerotransmitter usually found in SPINAL INTERNEURONS
GLYCINE
33
Increases CHLORIDE INFLUX
GLYCINE
34
The number one INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the brain (spiny neurons of striatum, Purkinje cells of cerebellum)
GABA
35
Comes from GLUTAMATE
GABA
36
Increases chloride influx (GABAs) or Potassium Efflux (GABAs)
GABA
37
The number one EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the brain
GLUTAMATE
38
ENKEPHALINS, ENDORPHINS, DYNORPHINS
OPIOID PEPTIDES
39
Inhibit neurons in the brain involved in the perception of pain
OPIOID PEPTIDES
40
In specific areas of the BRAIN, PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS, GI PLEXUS NEURONS
SUBSTANCE P
41
Involved in pain transmission
Substance P
42
SOMA (CELL BODY) to AXON TERMINAL Replenishes synaptic vesicles and enzymes for NT synthesis
Anterograde Axonal Transport
43
Potential difference that exist across the membrane
Resting Membrane Potential
44
Exhibited by ALMOST ALL CELLS
Resting Membrane Potential
45
By convention, refers to the INTRAcellular charge
Resting Membrane Potential
46
Typically -70mV
Resting Membrane potential
47
Caused by: NERNST POTENTIAL FOR Na and K DIFFUSION Na-K LEAK CHANNELS OR K LEAK CHANNELS Na-K-ATPase (-4mV)
Resting Membrane Potential
48
Exhibited by EXCITABLE CELLS ONLY
Action Potential
49
Basis for RMP and AP
Ion channels
50
Opening of Na-activation gates that causes SODIUM INFLUX
DEPOLARIZATION
51
Closure of Na-Inactivation gates that STOPS SODIUM INFLUX
REPOLARIZATION
52
Opening of potassium gates that CAUSES POTASSIUM EFFLUX
REPOLARIZATION
53
SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS OF NEURONS
TETRADOTOXIN (puffer fish) SAXITOXIN (red-tide)
54
POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER OF NEURONS
TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM
55
What stimulates nerve depolarization in the first place?
MECHANICAL DISTRUBANCE, CHEMICALS, ELECTRICITY
56
Time periods in an action potential during which a new stimulus cannot be readily elicited
REFRACTORY PERIOD
57
Another action potential cannot be elicited no matter how large the stimulus
ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
58
Coincides with almost the entire duration of e action potential
ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
59
Inactivation gates of the Na channel are closed when the membrane potential is depolarized and remain closed until repolarization occurs
IONIC BASIS OF ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
60
NO ACTION POTENTIAL CAN OCCUR UNTIL THE Na-INACTIVATION GATES OPEN
IONIC BASIS OF ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
61
Begins at the end of the absolute refractory perriod and continues until the membrane potential returns to the resting level
RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD
62
Action potential can be elicited ONLY IF A LARGER THAN USUAL INWARD CURRENT IS PROVIDED
RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD
63
During RRP, K+ conductase is elevated (opposes depolarization
IONIC BASIS OF RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD
64
Membrane potential is closer to the K+ equilibrium potential and farther from threshold
IONIC BASIS OF RRP
65
MORE INWARD CURRENT is required to bring the membrane to threshold
IONIC BASIS OF RRP
66
When a cell is depolarized so SLOWLY such that the THRESHOLD POTENTIAL IS PASSES WITHOUT FIRING AN ACTION POTENTIAL
ACCOMODATION
67
In an excitable cell such as the heart muscle, what is the effect of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia respectively?
HYPERKALEMIA - depolarizes the ❤️ HYPOKALEMIA- hyperpolarizes the ❤️
68
Synaptic inputs that depolarize the postsynaptic cell
EXCITATORY POST-SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL
69
Synaptic inouts that hyperpolarize the post-synaptic cell
INHIBITORY POST-SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL
70
Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell simultaneously
SPATIAL SUMMATION
71
Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell in rapid succession
TEMPORARY SUMMATION
72
Repeate stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be greater than expected
NERVE FACILITATION
73
Increase released of NT and increased sensitivity to the NT
LONG-TERM POTENTIATION
74
Repeated stimulation causes decreases response of postsynpatic cell
SYNAPTIC FATIGUE
75
Some sensory signals need to be transmitted at different speeds (slow or fast)
NERVE FIBERS
76
Type A nerve fibers VS Type C nerve fibers
Thicker More myelinated Faster
77
Which is more powerful in creating new memories (takes precedence over the other)
PUNISHMENT AND FEAR - powerful PLEASURE AND REWARD
78
Regulate activity of many physiological processes including heart rate, blood pressure, body core temperature and blood levels of hormones
BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
79
MASTE CLOCK of all biological clocks in the human body
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
80
Neurons retain synchronized, rhythmical firing patterns even though they are isolated from the rest of the brain
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
81
Destuction causes loss of circasian functions
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
82
REGULATES circadian rhythms
Pineal gland
83
Secretes a hormone MELATONIN that is synthesized by SEROTONIN
Pineal gland
84
Increased during darkness
Melatonin
85
Inhibited by daylight
Melatonin
86
Controlled by sympathetic nerve activity, which is regulated by light signals from the retina
Melatonin
87
Recording of neuronal electrical activity
EEG
88
Important diagnostic tool in clinicak neurology
EEG
89
Awake Eyes closed (8-13Hz) RELAX STATE
ALOHA WAVES
90
Awake Eyes open (13-30Hz) ALERT STATE
BETA WAVES
91
Brain disorders and degenerative brain states (4-7Hz)
THETA WAVES
92
Deep sleep, organic brain disease, infants (0.5-4Hz)
DELTA WAVE
93
Total amount of CSF in the brain
150ml
94
Amount of CSF produced per day
500ml
95
Function of CSF
CUSHIONING
96
CSF PATHWAY
``` Lateral ventricles Foramen of Monroe Third ventricle Aqueduct of Sylvius, fourth ventricle Foramen of Magendie (1) and Luschka (2) Subarachnoid space over the brain and spinal cord Arachnoid granulations Dural venous sinus blood ```

PHYSIO (9 decks)

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