Neuro PP

Question 1

Choose the FOUR correct statements! Which of the followings are the inputs of the hypothalamus?

A. Visceral sensation
B. Limbic regions
C. Visual projection
D. Circumventricular organs
E. Olfactory information directly via the axons of the olfactory sensory neurons

Answer 1

A. Visceral sensation
B. Limbic regions
C. Visual projection
D. Circumventricular organs
E. Olfactory information directly via the axons of the olfactory sensory neurons

Question 2

Choose the ONLY ONE correct statement!

A. The head of caudate nucleus forms the medial border of the central part of lateral ventricle
B. The tail of caudate nucleus is found in the posterior horn of lateral ventricle
C. The caudate nucleus is shown in the anterior horn, central part and inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
D. The calcar avis is caused by the protrusion of the tail of caudate nucleus
E. The head of caudate nucleus forms the medial border of the anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Answer 2

A. The head of caudate nucleus forms the medial border of the central part of lateral ventricle
B. The tail of caudate nucleus is found in the posterior horn of lateral ventricle
C. The caudate nucleus is shown in the anterior horn, central part and inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
D. The calcar avis is caused by the protrusion of the tail of caudate nucleus
E. The head of caudate nucleus forms the medial border of the anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Question 3

Mark the THREE correct statements!

A. Microglial cells are the largest among the different types of neuroglial cells
B. Microglial cells are part of the mononuclear phagocytotic system
C. All type of glial cells are derived from neuroectoderm
D. Microglial cells can proliferate performing mitotic cell divisions even in the adult central nervous system
E. Microglia precursor cells enter the central nervous system from blood vessels

Answer 3

A. Microglial cells are the largest among the different types of neuroglial cells
B. Microglial cells are part of the mononuclear phagocytotic system
C. All type of glial cells are derived from neuroectoderm
D. Microglial cells can proliferate performing mitotic cell divisions even in the adult central nervous system
E. Microglia precursor cells enter the central nervous system from blood vessels

Question 4

Mark the THREE correct statements!

A. Axonal spreading of the action potential can be inhibited by tetrodotoxin (TTX)
B. Inhibition of the postsynaptic receptors stimulates the neurotransmission in the chemical synapses
C. The Nernst potential of the given ion is temperature dependent
D. The action potential regenerates in the nodes of Ranvier
E. Inhibition of the vesicle fusion stimulates the neurotransmission in the chemical synapses

Answer 4

A. Axonal spreading of the action potential can be inhibited by tetrodotoxin (TTX)
B. Inhibition of the postsynaptic receptors stimulates the neurotransmission in the chemical synapses
C. The Nernst potential of the given ion is temperature dependent
D. The action potential regenerates in the nodes of Ranvier
E. Inhibition of the vesicle fusion stimulates the neurotransmission in the chemical synapses

Question 5

Choose the TWO correct statements in relation to the structure pointed by arrow!

A. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which is the part of the parasympathetic nervous system
B. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which is a characteristic structure for the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord
C. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which has unmyelinated fibers
D. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers
E. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which has myelinated fibers

Answer 5

A. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which is the part of the parasympathetic nervous system
B. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which is a characteristic structure for the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord
C. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which has unmyelinated fibers
D. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers
E. The structure is the gray communicating ramus, which has myelinated fibers

Question 6

Choose the only ONE correct answer. Name the primary brain vesicle from which the mamillary body derived

A. Mesencephalon
B. Metencephalon
C. Myelencephalon
D. Prosencephalon
E. Telencephalon

Answer 6

A. Mesencephalon
B. Metencephalon
C. Myelencephalon
D. Prosencephalon
E. Telencephalon

Question 7

Mark the ONE correct statement!

A. Channels responsible for h-current (Ih) are only permeable for potassium
B. The M-current (IM) is a ligand-gated chloride current
C. The h-current (Ih) is activated by depolarization
D. The M-current (IM) is voltage sensitive potassium current
E. Neurons do not possess calcium activated potassium currents

Answer 7

A. Channels responsible for h-current (Ih) are only permeable for potassium
B. The M-current (IM) is a ligand-gated chloride current
C. The h-current (Ih) is activated by depolarization
D. The M-current (IM) is voltage sensitive potassium current
E. Neurons do not possess calcium activated potassium currents

Question 8

Choose the TWO correct statements in relation to the structure pointed by arrow!

A. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which contains pseudounipolar neurons
B. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the gray communicating ramus
C. The structure is the praevertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the white communicating ramus
D. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which receives preganglionic fibers via the white communicating ramus
E. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the white communicating ramus

Answer 8

A. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which contains pseudounipolar neurons
B. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the gray communicating ramus
C. The structure is the praevertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the white communicating ramus
D. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which receives preganglionic fibers via the white communicating ramus
E. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the white communicating ramus

Question 9

Choose the ONLY ONE statement in relation to the pointed structure!

A. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which is for the attachment of the choroid plexus
B. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which forms one of the borders of the third ventricle
C. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which is a diencephalic structure
D. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which forms the upper border of the lateral ventricle
E. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which is shown at the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

Answer 9

A. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which is for the attachment of the choroid plexus
B. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which forms one of the borders of the third ventricle
C. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which is a diencephalic structure
D. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which forms the upper border of the lateral ventricle
E. The structure is the body of caudate nucleus, which is shown at the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

Question 10

Choose the ONLY ONE statement in relation to the pointed structure!

A. This structure is the protoplasmic astrocyte whose basal lamina contributes in forming the blood-brain barrier
B. This structure is the fibrous astrocyte whose basal lamina contributes in forming the blood-brain barrier
C. This structure often contributes to the make up the limiting membrane around blood vessels in the CNS
D. This structure is the dendrite of a Purkinje cell
E. This structure is the dendrite of a pyramidal cell

Answer 10

A. This structure is the protoplasmic astrocyte whose basal lamina contributes in forming the blood-brain barrier
B. This structure is the fibrous astrocyte whose basal lamina contributes in forming the blood-brain barrier
C. This structure often contributes to the make up the limiting membrane around blood vessels in the CNS
D. This structure is the dendrite of a Purkinje cell
E. This structure is the dendrite of a pyramidal cell

Question 11

Mark the FOUR correct statements about the frequency of different EEG waves!

A. δ :: 0.5-3 Hz
B. α :: 4-7 Hz
C. β :: 14-30 Hz
D. θ :: 4-7 Hz
E. γ :: above 30 Hz

Answer 11

A. δ :: 0.5-3 Hz
B. α :: 4-7 Hz
C. β :: 14-30 Hz
D. θ :: 4-7 Hz
E. γ :: above 30 Hz

Question 12

Choose the TWO correct statements!

A. The spinal nerve is formed distally to the dorsal root ganglion and contains exclusively sensory fibers
B. The dorsal (posterior) ramus contains only sensory fibers
C. The spinal nerve is formed distally to the dorsal root ganglion and contains sensory and motor fibers
D. The spinal nerve is formed proximally to the dorsal root ganglion and contains sensory and motor fibers
E. The spinal nerve divides into dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus, only the ventral ramus contributes to the formation of nerve plexus

Answer 12

A. The spinal nerve is formed distally to the dorsal root ganglion and contains exclusively sensory fibers
B. The dorsal (posterior) ramus contains only sensory fibers
C. The spinal nerve is formed distally to the dorsal root ganglion and contains sensory and motor fibers
D. The spinal nerve is formed proximally to the dorsal root ganglion and contains sensory and motor fibers
E. The spinal nerve divides into dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus, only the ventral ramus contributes to the formation of nerve plexus

Question 13

Is there any existence of adult neurogenesis in the Human brain? Only ONE correct answer

A. It is in the inferior frontal gyrus of the opercular part.
B. It exists at the primary visual cortex
C. It is not proved in the Human brain
D. It exists in the dentate gyrus
E. It exists only in the 7th lamina of the spinal cord

Answer 13

A. It is in the inferior frontal gyrus of the opercular part.
B. It exists at the primary visual cortex
C. It is not proved in the Human brain
D. It exists in the dentate gyrus
E. It exists only in the 7th lamina of the spinal cord

Question 14

Choose the THREE correct statements!

A. The central pattern generator (CPG) provide the morphological framework to rhythmic movements (e.g. walking, breathing) of the body
B. The CPG neurons are activated by descending reticulospinal axons for locomotion
C. The CPG neurons are activated by corticospinal axons for locomotion
D. After transection of the spinal cord the CPG circuits are not able to produce rhythmic activity of the spinal motoneurons
E. The CPG circuits in fishes produce alternating activation of muscles on the two sides of body

Answer 14

A. The central pattern generator (CPG) provide the morphological framework to rhythmic movements (e.g. walking, breathing) of the body
B. The CPG neurons are activated by descending reticulospinal axons for locomotion
C. The CPG neurons are activated by corticospinal axons for locomotion
D. After transection of the spinal cord the CPG circuits are not able to produce rhythmic activity of the spinal motoneurons
E. The CPG circuits in fishes produce alternating activation of muscles on the two sides of body

Question 15

Mark the ONE correct statement! Divergence

A. Is the phenomenon, when the processes of a single neuron make contact with several other nerve cells
B. Is the phenomenon, when the processes of several neurons make contact with a single nerve cell
C. Is the phenomenon, when no new action potential can be evoked due to the inactivation of the Na+ channels
D. Is the phenomenon, when local membrane potential changes are generated
E. Is the phenomenon, when a particular neuron inhibits itself via an inhibitory interneuron

Answer 15

A. Is the phenomenon, when the processes of a single neuron make contact with several other nerve cells
B. Is the phenomenon, when the processes of several neurons make contact with a single nerve cell
C. Is the phenomenon, when no new action potential can be evoked due to the inactivation of the Na+ channels
D. Is the phenomenon, when local membrane potential changes are generated
E. Is the phenomenon, when a particular neuron inhibits itself via an inhibitory interneuron

Question 16

Choose the TWO correct statements!

A. The structure is diencephalic white matter
B. The structure is a telencephalic white matter
C. The structure is the septum pellucidum, which is the medial border of the anterior horn of lateral ventricle
D. The structure is the septum pellucidum, which is bordered by the corpus callosum and fornix
E. The structure is not related to the lateral ventricle

Answer 16

A. The structure is diencephalic white matter
B. The structure is a telencephalic white matter
C. The structure is the septum pellucidum, which is the medial border of the anterior horn of lateral ventricle
D. The structure is the septum pellucidum, which is bordered by the corpus callosum and fornix
E. The structure is not related to the lateral ventricle

Question 17

Choose the THREE correct statements!

A. The ependymal cells are from neuroepithelium
B. The pigmented cells in the skin are from neural crest
C. The Schwann cells are derived from the neuroepithelium
D. The motorneurons innervating the skeletal muscles derive from neural crest
E. The oligodendrocytes derive from neuroepithelium

Answer 17

A. The ependymal cells are from neuroepithelium
B. The pigmented cells in the skin are from neural crest
C. The Schwann cells are derived from the neuroepithelium
D. The motorneurons innervating the skeletal muscles derive from neural crest
E. The oligodendrocytes derive from neuroepithelium

Question 18

Choose the TWO correct statements

A. This is the anterior commissure, which is a diencephalic structure
B. This is the anterior commissure, which is not related to the cavity of brain ventricles
C. This is the anterior commissure, which is found at the anterior wall of the third ventricle
D. This is the anterior commissure, which is not related to the cavity of the third ventricle
E. This is the anterior commissure, which is shown in a coronal section of the brain

Answer 18

A. This is the anterior commissure, which is a diencephalic structure
B. This is the anterior commissure, which is not related to the cavity of brain ventricles
C. This is the anterior commissure, which is found at the anterior wall of the third ventricle
D. This is the anterior commissure, which is not related to the cavity of the third ventricle
E. This is the anterior commissure, which is shown in a coronal section of the brain

Question 19

Mark the THREE correct statements!

A. The axons of Purkinje cells leave the cerebellum and terminate in many nuclei of the brainstem and thalamus
B. The dendrites of Purkinje cells form a wide and flattened dendritic arbor which is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the folium
C. Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are inhibitory neurons
D. Mossy fibers provide a strong innervation to the Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex
E. Purkinje cells receive excitatory synaptic inputs from granule cells and cells in the inferior olive

Answer 19

A. The axons of Purkinje cells leave the cerebellum and terminate in many nuclei of the brainstem and thalamus
B. The dendrites of Purkinje cells form a wide and flattened dendritic arbor which is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the folium
C. Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are inhibitory neurons
D. Mossy fibers provide a strong innervation to the Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex
E. Purkinje cells receive excitatory synaptic inputs from granule cells and cells in the inferior olive

Question 20

Choose the only ONE correct answer. The thalamus develops from which of the secondary brain vesicles?

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Prosencephalon
D. Myelencephalon
E. Metencephalon

Answer 20

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Prosencephalon
D. Myelencephalon
E. Metencephalon

Question 21

Choose the TWO correct statements

A. This structure is the pyramid, which is an elevation at the dorsal (posterior) aspect of medulla oblongata
B. This structure is the pyramid, which contains fibers of corticospinal tract
C. This structure is the pyramid, which is situated on the ventral (anterior) aspect of the medulla oblongata
D. This structure is the inferior olive, which is an elevation at the ventral aspect of medulla oblongata
E. This structure is the superior olive, which is an elevation at the dorsal aspect of medulla oblongata

Answer 21

A. This structure is the pyramid, which is an elevation at the dorsal (posterior) aspect of medulla oblongata
B. This structure is the pyramid, which contains fibers of corticospinal tract
C. This structure is the pyramid, which is situated on the ventral (anterior) aspect of the medulla oblongata
D. This structure is the inferior olive, which is an elevation at the ventral aspect of medulla oblongata
E. This structure is the superior olive, which is an elevation at the dorsal aspect of medulla oblongata

Question 22

Choose the FOUR correct statements!

A. The trochlear nerve is regarded as the border between the mesencephalon and the pons at the dorsal (posterior) aspect of the brainstem
B. The cerebral peduncle (cerebral crus) is continued into the internal capsule
C. The nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves are located in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon
D. The nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves are located in the base of the mesencephalon
E. The cerebral peduncle (cerebral crus) is located at the base of the mesencephalon

Answer 22

A. The trochlear nerve is regarded as the border between the mesencephalon and the pons at the dorsal (posterior) aspect of the brainstem
B. The cerebral peduncle (cerebral crus) is continued into the internal capsule
C. The nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves are located in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon
D. The nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves are located in the base of the mesencephalon
E. The cerebral peduncle (cerebral crus) is located at the base of the mesencephalon

Question 23

Mark the THREE ionotropic glutamate receptors!

A. mGluR
B. GABA(A) receptor
C. NMDA receptor
D. AMPA receptor
E. Kainate receptor

Answer 23

A. mGluR
B. GABA(A) receptor
C. NMDA receptor
D. AMPA receptor
E. Kainate receptor

Question 24

Choose the ONLY one correct statement in relation to the structure pointed by green arrow in a cross section of the developing brain!

A. The structure is the lentiform nucleus, which bulges into the cavity of third ventricle
B. The structure is the hippocampus, which bulges into the cavity of lateral ventricle
C. The structure is the caudate nucleus, which bulges into the cavity of lateral ventricle
D. The structure is the thalamus, which bulges into the cavity of third ventricle
E. The structure is the thalamus, which bulges into the cavity of lateral ventricle

Answer 24

A. The structure is the lentiform nucleus, which bulges into the cavity of third ventricle
B. The structure is the hippocampus, which bulges into the cavity of lateral ventricle
C. The structure is the caudate nucleus, which bulges into the cavity of lateral ventricle
D. The structure is the thalamus, which bulges into the cavity of third ventricle
E. The structure is the thalamus, which bulges into the cavity of lateral ventricle

Question 25

**Choose the FOUR correct statements!** A. The attachment line of the roof to the lateral wall of this structure is called tenia thalami B. The structure is the third ventricle, which is the cavity of diencephalon C. The roof of this structure does not contain choroid plexus D. The roof of this structure contains choroid plexus E. The structure is the third ventricle, which is continued into the cerebral aqueduct

Answer 25

**A. The attachment line of the roof to the lateral wall of this structure is called tenia thalami B. The structure is the third ventricle, which is the cavity of diencephalon** C. The roof of this structure does not contain choroid plexus **D. The roof of this structure contains choroid plexus E. The structure is the third ventricle, which is continued into the cerebral aqueduct**

Question 26

**Mark the THREE correct statements!** A. In the most of the cases (with many exceptions), neurotransmitters are synthesized in and released from synaptic vesicles B. Glutamate is the primary fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system C. Although axo-axonic synapses are present in the nervous system, their functional significance is negligible D. Endocannabinoids are regarded as retrograde neurotransmitters at many excitatory synapses E. Amino acids can be utilized as neurotransmitters in the nervous system

Answer 26

A. In the most of the cases (with many exceptions), neurotransmitters are synthesized in and released from synaptic vesicles **B. Glutamate is the primary fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system** C. Although axo-axonic synapses are present in the nervous system, their functional significance is negligible **D. Endocannabinoids are regarded as retrograde neurotransmitters at many excitatory synapses E. Amino acids can be utilized as neurotransmitters in the nervous system**

Question 27

**Choose the TWO correct statements!** A. The dura mater spinalis covers the spinal ganglia and continued into the epineurium B. The denticulate ligament is the part of the dura mater C. The dura mater encephali has two separate layers D. The dura mater spinalis has two separate layers E. The arachnoid extends caudally until the level of L2

Answer 27

**A. The dura mater spinalis covers the spinal ganglia and continued into the epineurium** B. The denticulate ligament is the part of the dura mater C. The dura mater encephali has two separate layers **D. The dura mater spinalis has two separate layers** E. The arachnoid extends caudally until the level of L2

Question 28

**Choose the THREE correct statements** A. The mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve contains motorneuron B. All the sensory nuclei of the cranial nerve V are located in the pons C. The motor nucleus of cranial nerve V is located in the pons D. Cranial nerve V has three sensory nuclei E. One of the sensory nuclei of cranial nerve V is located in the mesencephalon (midbrain)

Answer 28

A. The mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve contains motorneuron B. All the sensory nuclei of the cranial nerve V are located in the pons **C. The motor nucleus of cranial nerve V is located in the pons D. Cranial nerve V has three sensory nuclei E. One of the sensory nuclei of cranial nerve V is located in the mesencephalon (midbrain)**

Question 29

**Choose the THREE correct statements!** A. The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Magendie) opens to the cerebellomedullary cistern B. The median aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Magendie) opens to the cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna) C. The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Luschka) opens into the subarachnoid space at the cerebellomedullary angle D. The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Luschka) is a paired structure and located at the distal aspect of the lateral recess E. The median aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Luschka) opens to the subarachnoid space at the cerebellomedullary angle

Answer 29

A. The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Magendie) opens to the cerebellomedullary cistern **B. The median aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Magendie) opens to the cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna) C. The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Luschka) opens into the subarachnoid space at the cerebellomedullary angle D. The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Luschka) is a paired structure and located at the distal aspect of the lateral recess** E. The median aperture of the fourth ventricle (foramen Luschka) opens to the subarachnoid space at the cerebellomedullary angle

Question 30

**Which of the following structures develop from the telencephalon vesicle? TWO correct answers**

Answer 30

- Caudate nucleus - Claustrum - Hippocampus - Olfactory N. - Cerebrum All are correct

Question 31

**Choose the ONLY ONE correct statement!** A. Dermatome is the area of the skin supplied by somatosensory fibers of an individual spinal nerve B. Sensory fibers conveying input from the internal organs are classified as special visceral afferent fibers C. Dermatome is the area of the skin supplied by viscerosensory fibers of an individual spinal nerve D. Sensory fibers conveying input from the skeletal muscles are classified as exteroceptive somatic afferent fibers E. Sensory fibers conveying input from the body surface are classified as special somatic afferent fibers

Answer 31

**A. Dermatome is the area of the skin supplied by somatosensory fibers of an individual spinal nerve** B. Sensory fibers conveying input from the internal organs are classified as special visceral afferent fibers C. Dermatome is the area of the skin supplied by viscerosensory fibers of an individual spinal nerve D. Sensory fibers conveying input from the skeletal muscles are classified as exteroceptive somatic afferent fibers E. Sensory fibers conveying input from the body surface are classified as special somatic afferent fibers

Question 32

**Choose the TWO correct statements!** A. The lateral border of the internal capsule is the thalamus B. The internal capsule is a part of telencephalic white matter containing corticopetal and corticofugal fibers C. The internal capsule is bordered by nuclei which are the parts of the telencephalon D. The medial border of the internal capsule is the head of caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus E. The pyramidal tract is located in the genu of internal capsule

Answer 32

A. The lateral border of the internal capsule is the thalamus **B. The internal capsule is a part of telencephalic white matter containing corticopetal and corticofugal fibers C. The internal capsule is bordered by nuclei which are the parts of the telencephalon** D. The medial border of the internal capsule is the head of caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus E. The pyramidal tract is located in the genu of internal capsule

Question 33

**Choose the TWO correct statements!** A. Cranial nerve X emerges from the medulla oblongata B. Cranial nerve XI has a medullary and a spinal part C. Cranial nerve IX emerges from the brainstem medially to the pyramid D. Cranial nerve X emerges from the brainstem between the pyramid and inferior olive E. Cranial nerve IX emerges from the brainstem between the pyramid and inferior olive

Answer 33

**A. Cranial nerve X emerges from the medulla oblongata B. Cranial nerve XI has a medullary and a spinal part** C. Cranial nerve IX emerges from the brainstem medially to the pyramid D. Cranial nerve X emerges from the brainstem between the pyramid and inferior olive E. Cranial nerve IX emerges from the brainstem between the pyramid and inferior olive

Question 34

**Choose the TWO correct statements!** A. The mammillary body is a part of the subthalamus B. The hypothalamus is divided into lateral, medial, and posterior zones C. The major anatomical parts of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus, and subthalamus D. The lateral and medial geniculate bodies are the parts of the metathalamus E. The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are located in the medial hypothalamic zone

Answer 34

A. The mammillary body is a part of the subthalamus B. The hypothalamus is divided into lateral, medial, and posterior zones C. The major anatomical parts of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus, and subthalamus **D. The lateral and medial geniculate bodies are the parts of the metathalamus E. The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are located in the medial hypothalamic zone**

Question 35

**Choose the TWO correct statements!** A. The locus ceruleus is one of the structures of the medulla oblongata B. The locus ceruleus is one of the structures of the metencephalon C. The locus ceruleus is a blue-colored structure in the mesencephalon (midbrain) D. The locus ceruleus is is situated in the medullary part of the rhomboid fossa E. The locus ceruleus is situated in the pontine part of the rhomboid fossa

Answer 35

A. The locus ceruleus is one of the structures of the medulla oblongata **B. The locus ceruleus is one of the structures of the metencephalon** C. The locus ceruleus is a blue-colored structure in the mesencephalon (midbrain) D. The locus ceruleus is is situated in the medullary part of the rhomboid fossa **E. The locus ceruleus is situated in the pontine part of the rhomboid fossa**

Question 36

**Choose the TWO correct statements in relation to the structure pointed by arrow!** A. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the white communicating ramus B. The structure is the praevertebral ganglion, which is located in the abdominal cavity at both sides of the vertebral column C. The structure is the praevertebral ganglion, which is located in the abdominal cavity in front of the vertebral column D. The structure is the praevertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the white communicating ramus

Answer 36

A. The structure is the paravertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the white communicating ramus B. The structure is the praevertebral ganglion, which is located in the abdominal cavity at both sides of the vertebral column **C. The structure is the praevertebral ganglion, which is located in the abdominal cavity in front of the vertebral column D. The structure is the praevertebral ganglion, which receives myelinated fibers via the white communicating ramus**

Question 37

**Choose the THREE correct statements!** A. The nucleus of hypoglossal nerve has motoneurons and sensory neurons B. The nucleus of hypoglossal nerve is located in the medulla oblongata C. Axons of nucleus of hypoglossal nerve exit from the brainstem in the lateral (posterior) parolivar groove D. The nucleus of hypoglossal nerve has only motoneurons E. Axons of nucleus of hypoglossal nerve exit the brainstem in the medial (anterior) parolivar groove

Answer 37

A. The nucleus of hypoglossal nerve has motoneurons and sensory neurons **B. The nucleus of hypoglossal nerve is located in the medulla oblongata** C. Axons of nucleus of hypoglossal nerve exit from the brainstem in the lateral (posterior) parolivar groove **D. The nucleus of hypoglossal nerve has only motoneurons E. Axons of nucleus of hypoglossal nerve exit the brainstem in the medial (anterior) parolivar groove**

Question 38

**Mark the THREE ionotropic glutamate receptors!** A. mAChR B. NMDA receptor C. AMPA receptor D. Delta receptor E. GABA(B) receptor

Answer 38

A. mAChR **B. NMDA receptor C. AMPA receptor D. Delta receptor** E. GABA(B) receptor

Question 39

**Mark the ONE correct statement! Which is true regarding the frequency of different EEG waves?** A. δ :: 14-30 Hz B. θ :: above 30 Hz C. α :: 8-13 Hz D. γ :: 4-7 Hz E. β :: 0.5-3 Hz

Answer 39

A. δ :: 14-30 Hz B. θ :: above 30 Hz **C. α :: 8-13 Hz** D. γ :: 4-7 Hz E. β :: 0.5-3 Hz

Question 40

**Mark the THREE correct statements regarding the characteristic of chemical synapses!** A. Rectification B. Regulation of synaptic function via retrograde neurotransmitters is impossible C. Synaptic delay D. Fatigue E. Fast flow ions via connexon channels

Answer 40

**A. Rectification** B. Regulation of synaptic function via retrograde neurotransmitters is impossible **C. Synaptic delay D. Fatigue** E. Fast flow ions via connexon channels

Question 41

**Select the THREE correct statements!** A. The structure is the hypothalamus, which is separated from the thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus (groove) B. The structure is the hypothalamus, which is a diencephalic structure C. The structure is the hypothalamus, which includes the median eminence, mammillary body, and habenula D. The structure is the hypothalamus, which is a telencephalic structure E. The structure is the hypothalamus, which is connected to the hypophysis via the hypophyseal stalk (infundibulum)

Answer 41

**A. The structure is the hypothalamus, which is separated from the thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus (groove) B. The structure is the hypothalamus, which is a diencephalic structure** C. The structure is the hypothalamus, which includes the median eminence, mammillary body, and habenula D. The structure is the hypothalamus, which is a telencephalic structure **E. The structure is the hypothalamus, which is connected to the hypophysis via the hypophyseal stalk (infundibulum)**

Question 42

**Mark the THREE ionotropic glutamate receptors!** A. AMPA receptor B. GABA(A) receptor C. mGluR D. NMDA receptor E. Kainate receptor

Answer 42

**A. AMPA receptor** B. GABA(A) receptor C. mGluR **D. NMDA receptor E. Kainate receptor**

Question 43

**Mark the ONE correct statement!** A. The action potential has a refractory period B. GABA(A) receptor function cab e blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) C. Signal transmission in electrical synapses is always unidirectional D. Electrotonic potential changes cannot be summed E. Opening of voltage gated K+-channels leads to depolarization

Answer 43

**A. The action potential has a refractory period** B. GABA(A) receptor function cab e blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) C. Signal transmission in electrical synapses is always unidirectional D. Electrotonic potential changes cannot be summed E. Opening of voltage gated K+-channels leads to depolarization

Question 44

**Choose the only correct statement regarding the labelled layer!** A. The most common neuron type of this layer is the Golgi cell B. There are mossy fibers which establish synapse chiefly with the dendrites of granule cells C. This is the stratum ganulare internum D. The majority of neurons here are inhibitory E. This layer is avoid of aminergic fibers

Answer 44

A. The most common neuron type of this layer is the Golgi cell **B. There are mossy fibers which establish synapse chiefly with the dendrites of granule cells** C. This is the stratum ganulare internum D. The majority of neurons here are inhibitory E. This layer is avoid of aminergic fibers

Question 45

**Mark the THREE correct statements about long-term potentiation (LTP)!** A. Only GABA receptors have role in its classical form B. The duration of line LTP can last for months, years C. Exceed by low frequency (1 Hz) stimulation D. High frequency stimulation (100 Hz) is needed to elicit it E. The number of AMPA receptors is decreased during LTP

Answer 45

**A. Only GABA receptors have role in its classical form B. The duration of line LTP can last for months, years** C. Exceed by low frequency (1 Hz) stimulation **D. High frequency stimulation (100 Hz) is needed to elicit it** E. The number of AMPA receptors is decreased during LTP

Question 46

**Mark the THREE correct statement about the frequency of different EEG waves!** A. γ :: 4-7 Hz B. α :: 8-13 Hz C. β :: 14-30 Hz D. θ :: above 30 Hz E. δ :: 0.5-3 Hz

Answer 46

A. γ :: 4-7 Hz **B. α :: 8-13 Hz C. β :: 14-30 Hz** D. θ :: above 30 Hz **E. δ :: 0.5-3 Hz**

Question 47

**Mark the THREE correct statements!** A. The voltage-gated K+ channels are formed by five independent subunits B. The fast voltage-gated Na+ channels can be blocked by local anesthetics C. The voltage-gated K+ channels are formed by four independent subunits D. The voltage-gated Ca2+ channels contain a single (alpha) subunit E. Tetra-ethyl-ammonium is the blocker of certain voltage-gated K+ channels

Answer 47

A. The voltage-gated K+ channels are formed by five independent subunits **B. The fast voltage-gated Na+ channels can be blocked by local anesthetics C. The voltage-gated K+ channels are formed by four independent subunits** D. The voltage-gated Ca2+ channels contain a single (alpha) subunit **E. Tetra-ethyl-ammonium is the blocker of certain voltage-gated K+ channels**

Question 48

**Mark the ONE correct statement! The alpha waves found in the EEG of a normal person** A. Can be recorded from an awake person with closed eyelids B. Are the EEG waves with the highest amplitude C. Have a frequency of 14-30 Hz D. Are the EEG waves with smallest amplitude E. Reflect the frequency of the hypothalamic neuronal networks

Answer 48

**A. Can be recorded from an awake person with closed eyelids** B. Are the EEG waves with the highest amplitude C. Have a frequency of 14-30 Hz D. Are the EEG waves with smallest amplitude E. Reflect the frequency of the hypothalamic neuronal networks

Question 49

**Mark the ONE correct statement!** A. The activation of GABAA receptors lead to increased neuronal excitation B. The GABAA receptor is a metabotropic receptor C. GABAA Receptors are activated by Mg2+ ions D. The GABAA receptor is a Cl- channel E. The GABAB receptor is a nonspecific cation channel

Answer 49

A. The activation of GABAA receptors lead to increased neuronal excitation B. The GABAA receptor is a metabotropic receptor C. GABAA Receptors are activated by Mg2+ ions **D. The GABAA receptor is a Cl- channel** E. The GABAB receptor is a nonspecific cation channel

Question 50

**Mark the THREE correct statements!** A. The molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, as the name indicates, is free of neuronal cell bodies B. In the cerebellar cortex Purkinje cells are located in the deepest (innermost) layer of the three layers C. The axon of basket cells establish synaptic contacts with the cell bodies of Purkinje cells D. There are neurons in the granule cell layer of the cerebellum whose dendrites extend into the molecular layer E. Purkinje cells are aligned in one single cell layer in the cerebellar cortex

Answer 50

A. The molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, as the name indicates, is free of neuronal cell bodies B. In the cerebellar cortex Purkinje cells are located in the deepest (innermost) layer of the three layers **C. The axon of basket cells establish synaptic contacts with the cell bodies of Purkinje cells D. There are neurons in the granule cell layer of the cerebellum whose dendrites extend into the molecular layer E. Purkinje cells are aligned in one single cell layer in the cerebellar cortex**

Question 51

**Choose the TWO correct statements regarding the structure labelled with blue arrow!** A. The axon of this Golgi-impregnated neuron terminates either in deep cerebellar nuclei or in vestibular nuclei B. The axon of this cell type may project to other cortical areas via the white matter C. A Glgi-impregnated pyramidal cell in the neocortex D. This is a Golgi-impregnated pseudounipolar neuron E. This is a Golgi-impregnated GABAergic neuron in the cerebellum

Answer 51

A. The axon of this Golgi-impregnated neuron terminates either in deep cerebellar nuclei or in vestibular nuclei **B. The axon of this cell type may project to other cortical areas via the white matter C. A Glgi-impregnated pyramidal cell in the neocortex** D. This is a Golgi-impregnated pseudounipolar neuron E. This is a Golgi-impregnated GABAergic neuron in the cerebellum

Question 52

**Choose the THREE correct statements!** A. The inferior collicle is connected to the lateral geniculate body via the brachium of inferior collicle B. The superior and inferior collicles are located in the mesencephalon (midbrain) D. The superior collicle is connected to the lateral geniculate body via the brachium of superior collicle E. The inferior collicle is connected to the medial geniculate body via the brachium of inferior collicle

Answer 52

A. The inferior collicle is connected to the lateral geniculate body via the brachium of inferior collicle **B. The superior and inferior collicles are located in the mesencephalon (midbrain)** C. The superior collicle is connected to the medial geniculate body via the brachium of superior collicle **D. The superior collicle is connected to the lateral geniculate body via the brachium of superior collicle E. The inferior collicle is connected to the medial geniculate body via the brachium of inferior collicle**

Question 53

**Choose the THREE correct statements!** A. The order of meninges from within outward: pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater B. The cerebrospinal fluid is located exclusively in ventricles of the brain C. The wall of venous sinuses of the brain is formed by the double layer of the arachnoid mater D. The blood-brain barrier is formed by tight junctions between neighboring endothelial cells of the capillaries in the CNS E. One of the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid is to provide mechanical support for the CNS

Answer 53

**A. The order of meninges from within outward: pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater** B. The cerebrospinal fluid is located exclusively in ventricles of the brain C. The wall of venous sinuses of the brain is formed by the double layer of the arachnoid mater **D. The blood-brain barrier is formed by tight junctions between neighboring endothelial cells of the capillaries in the CNS E. One of the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid is to provide mechanical support for the CNS**

Question 54

**Select the THREE correct statements!** A. This is a multipolar ganglion cell whose axonal branches can innervate smooth muscle cell, gland cell, or other ganglion cells B. This is a multipolar ganglion cell whose myelin covered axon can branch profusely C. This is a pseudounipolar ganglion cell which feeds sensory information into the spinal cord D. This is a multipolar ganglion cell whose axon lacks myelin sheath E. This is a multipolar ganglion cell which receives synapses on its dendrites

Answer 54

**A. This is a multipolar ganglion cell whose axonal branches can innervate smooth muscle cell, gland cell, or other ganglion cells** B. This is a multipolar ganglion cell whose myelin covered axon can branch profusely C. This is a pseudounipolar ganglion cell which feeds sensory information into the spinal cord **D. This is a multipolar ganglion cell whose axon lacks myelin sheath E. This is a multipolar ganglion cell which receives synapses on its dendrites**

Question 55

**Choose the THREE correct statements in relation to the structure labeled with 2!** A. The cavity is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, which is located in the occipital lobe B. The cavity is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, which is bordered superiorly by the corpus callosum C. This cavity does not have choroid plexus D. The cavity is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, which has the calcar avis on its lateral wall E. The cavity is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, which is not related to the corpus callosum

Answer 55

**A. The cavity is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, which is located in the occipital lobe B. The cavity is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, which is bordered superiorly by the corpus callosum C. This cavity does not have choroid plexus** D. The cavity is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, which has the calcar avis on its lateral wall E. The cavity is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, which is not related to the corpus callosum

Question 56

**Mark the THREE correct statements for the compounds (drugs) which can inhibit Na+ channels!** A. Saxitoxin (STX) B. TEA C. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) D. Ouabaine E. Lidocaine

Answer 56

**A. Saxitoxin (STX)** B. TEA **C. Tetrodotoxin (TTX)** D. Ouabaine **E. Lidocaine**

Question 57

**Mark the THREE correct statements!** A. Cytoskeletal proteins are transported by the slow axon transport B. The fast axonal transport mechanism can transport vesicles and mitochondria C. Kinesins can mediate both anterograde and retrograde axonal transport D. Dyneins mediate fast retrograde axonal transport E. The slow axonal transport mechanism can transport molecules with a velocity of 30-50 mm/day

Answer 57

**A. Cytoskeletal proteins are transported by the slow axon transport B. The fast axonal transport mechanism can transport vesicles and mitochondria** C. Kinesins can mediate both anterograde and retrograde axonal transport **D. Dyneins mediate fast retrograde axonal transport** E. The slow axonal transport mechanism can transport molecules with a velocity of 30-50 mm/day

Question 58

**Choose the TWO correct statements!** A. All the evaginations or recesses of the third ventricle are located at the ventral (anterior) aspect of the diencephalon B. The rostral border between the diencephalon and telencephalon is represented by the interventricular foramen, lamina terminalis, and optic chiasm C. The rostral border between the diencephalon and telencephalon is represented by the interventricular foramen, genu of corpus callosum, and optic chiasm D. The rostral border between the diencephalon and telencephalon is represented by the interventricular foramen, septum pellucidum, and optic chiasm E. The cavity of third ventricle has the following evaginations or recesses, infundibular, optic, supraoptic, suprapineal, and pineal

Answer 58

A. All the evaginations or recesses of the third ventricle are located at the ventral (anterior) aspect of the diencephalon **B. The rostral border between the diencephalon and telencephalon is represented by the interventricular foramen, lamina terminalis, and optic chiasm** C. The rostral border between the diencephalon and telencephalon is represented by the interventricular foramen, genu of corpus callosum, and optic chiasm D. The rostral border between the diencephalon and telencephalon is represented by the interventricular foramen, septum pellucidum, and optic chiasm **E. The cavity of third ventricle has the following evaginations or recesses, infundibular, optic, supraoptic, suprapineal, and pineal**

Question 59

**Choose the THREE correct statements!** A. Cerebellum connects to the brainstem by three pairs of peduncles B. The cerebellar peduncle only contains afferent fibers from cerebellum C. The cerebellar peduncle only contains efferent fibers to cerebellum D. The middle peduncle connects the pons to the cerebellum E. The superior peduncle can be seen on the dorsal (posterior) aspect of the brainstem

Answer 59

**A. Cerebellum connects to the brainstem by three pairs of peduncles** B. The cerebellar peduncle only contains afferent fibers from cerebellum C. The cerebellar peduncle only contains efferent fibers to cerebellum **D. The middle peduncle connects the pons to the cerebellum E. The superior peduncle can be seen on the dorsal (posterior) aspect of the brainstem**

Question 60

**Choose the ONE correct statement!** A. NMDA receptors are permeable to the Cl ion B. NMDA receptors are not permeable to the Na ion C. NMDA receptors are not permeable to the Ca ion D. NMDA receptors are active in the increase of the membrane potential (hyperpolarization) E. NMDA receptor are blocked by the Mg ion in the resting membrane potential

Answer 60

A. NMDA receptors are permeable to the Cl ion B. NMDA receptors are not permeable to the Na ion C. NMDA receptors are not permeable to the Ca ion D. NMDA receptors are active in the increase of the membrane potential (hyperpolarization) **E. NMDA receptor are blocked by the Mg ion in the resting membrane potential**

Question 61

**Which part of the brain is developed from the diencephalon brain ventricle (Two correct statements)?** A. Thalamus B. Habenula C. Lamina affixa D. Anterior commissure E. Fornix

Answer 61

**A. Thalamus B. Habenula** C. Lamina affixa D. Anterior commissure E. Fornix

Question 62

**Choose the only ONE correct statement regarding the zone labelled with arrows!** A. Neurons of this layer together with Golgi cells inhibit the dendrites of granule cells B. In this layer there are no excitatory neurons C. This is the ganglion cell layer which contains neurons projecting into the brainstem via cerebellar peduncles D. Dendritic processes of this layer enter the granular cell layer where they are contacted by Golgi cell axons E. This layer contains Purkinje cells which provide facilitatory input to deep cerebellar nuclei

Answer 62

A. Neurons of this layer together with Golgi cells inhibit the dendrites of granule cells **B. In this layer there are no excitatory neurons** C. This is the ganglion cell layer which contains neurons projecting into the brainstem via cerebellar peduncles D. Dendritic processes of this layer enter the granular cell layer where they are contacted by Golgi cell axons E. This layer contains Purkinje cells which provide facilitatory input to deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 63

**Mark the ONE correct statement!** A. AMPA receptors are Cl- channels B. In a chemical synapse, the stimulus may also...? C. Glutamate is an inhibitory neurotransmitter D. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter E. Glycine receptors are ligand-gated Na+ channels

Answer 63

A. AMPA receptors are Cl- channels B. In a chemical synapse, the stimulus may also...? C. Glutamate is an inhibitory neurotransmitter **D. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter** E. Glycine receptors are ligand-gated Na+ channels

Question 64

**Choose the THREE correct statements!** A. The mammillary body is located at the ventral aspect of the diencephalon B. The mammillary body is one of the hypothalamic structures C. The mesodiencephalic border is defined by an imaginary plane which connects the posterior commissure and the posterior aspect of the mammillary body D. The mammillary body is one of the mesencephalic structures E. The mesodiencephalic border is definde by an imaginary plane, which connects the anterior commissure and the posterior aspect of mammillary body

Answer 64

**A. The mammillary body is located at the ventral aspect of the diencephalon B. The mammillary body is one of the hypothalamic structures C. The mesodiencephalic border is defined by an imaginary plane which connects the posterior commissure and the posterior aspect of the mammillary body** D. The mammillary body is one of the mesencephalic structures E. The mesodiencephalic border is definde by an imaginary plane, which connects the anterior commissure and the posterior aspect of mammillary body

Question 65

**Mark the ONE correct statement! Synaptic innervation of a number of neurons by one axon is an example of:** A. Reverberation B. Convergence C. Rheobase D. Divergence

Answer 65

A. Reverberation B. Convergence C. Rheobase **D. Divergence**

Question 66

**Choose the TWO correct statements!** A. The fourth ventricle does not have choroid plexus B. The floor of the fourth ventricle is the rhomboid fossa C. The cavities of the medulla oblongata are the fourth ventricle and central canal D. The fourth ventricle is in direct continuation with the third ventricle E. The floor of the fourth ventricle has three openings for the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 66

A. The fourth ventricle does not have choroid plexus **B. The floor of the fourth ventricle is the rhomboid fossa C. The cavities of the medulla oblongata are the fourth ventricle and central canal** D. The fourth ventricle is in direct continuation with the third ventricle E. The floor of the fourth ventricle has three openings for the cerebrospinal fluid

Question 67

**Mark the THREE correct statements!** A. Basket cells in the neocortex are inhibitory neurons responsible for the generation of lateral inhibition B. The axons of the so called chandelier cells form synaptic contacts with the dendrites of pyramidal cells in... neocortex C. Non-spiny stellate cells in the neocortex typically release glutamate as a neurotransmitter D. Layer 6 in the neocortex contains neurons with a wide range of morphology E. Spiny stellate cells in the neocortex are excitatory neurons

Answer 67

**A. Basket cells in the neocortex are inhibitory neurons responsible for the generation of lateral inhibition** B. The axons of the so called chandelier cells form synaptic contacts with the dendrites of pyramidal cells in... neocortex C. Non-spiny stellate cells in the neocortex typically release glutamate as a neurotransmitter **D. Layer 6 in the neocortex contains neurons with a wide range of morphology E. Spiny stellate cells in the neocortex are excitatory neurons**

Question 68

**Mark the THREE correct statements!** A. Delta activity can be considered as desynchronized cortical activity B. EEG waves have large amplitude and low frequency during cortical synchronization C. Thalamocortical relay neurons posses regular and burst firing modes as well D. EEG waves have small amplitude and high frequency during cortical desynchronization E. The 'spike-and-wave' pattern is a physiological, desynchronized EEG activity

Answer 68

A. Delta activity can be considered as desynchronized cortical activity **B. EEG waves have large amplitude and low frequency during cortical synchronization** C. Thalamocortical relay neurons posses regular and burst firing modes as well **D. EEG waves have small amplitude and high frequency during cortical desynchronization E. The 'spike-and-wave' pattern is a physiological, desynchronized EEG activity**

Question 69

**Choose the THREE correct statements!** A. The amygdala (amygdaloid body) is a gray matter in the temporal lobe B. The claustrum is a gray matter at the medial border of the internal capsule C. The claustrum is a gray matter in the telencephalon bordered by the external and extreme capsule D. The putamen is the part of the caudate nucleus E. The amygdala (amygdaloid body) is located in the temporal lobe, rostrally to the hippocampus

Answer 69

**A. The amygdala (amygdaloid body) is a gray matter in the temporal lobe** B. The claustrum is a gray matter at the medial border of the internal capsule **C. The claustrum is a gray matter in the telencephalon bordered by the external and extreme capsule** D. The putamen is the part of the caudate nucleus **E. The amygdala (amygdaloid body) is located in the temporal lobe, rostrally to the hippocampus**

Question 70

**Mark the TWO correct statements!** A. Granule cells posses richly arborizing long dendrites which receive synapses from mossy fibers B. The parallel fibers in the cerebellum are the axons of granule cells C. Parallel fibers in the cerebellum run parallel with the axons of Purkinje cells D. Granule cells are the only inhibitory neurons in the cerebellar cortex E. Parallel fibers in the cerebellum establish synaptic contacts with the dendrites of Purkinje cells and stellate cells

Answer 70

A. Granule cells posses richly arborizing long dendrites which receive synapses from mossy fibers **B. The parallel fibers in the cerebellum are the axons of granule cells** C. Parallel fibers in the cerebellum run parallel with the axons of Purkinje cells D. Granule cells are the only inhibitory neurons in the cerebellar cortex **E. Parallel fibers in the cerebellum establish synaptic contacts with the dendrites of Purkinje cells and stellate cells**