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Usask year 3.1 > Neuro pt 1 > Flashcards

Neuro pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is attention?

A

State of focused awareness on a subset
of the available perceptual information

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2
Q

what are the 3 stages of attention

A

Disengage: Take attention away from current focus
¤ Shift: Move attention from one item to another
¤ Engage: Lock attentional focus onto new item

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3
Q

what is selective attention

A

Process that allows selection of
inputs, thoughts, or actions while other ones are
ignored

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4
Q

what does overt attention refer to?

A

e.g., shifting eyes) or covert (shifting focus

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5
Q

what is voluntary attention?

A

Attention is shifted between inputs
intentionally (e.g., reading the textbook)

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6
Q

what is reflexxive attention

A

Shifts in attention occur in response to an
external event (e.g., textbook falling and making loud
noise)

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7
Q

what is overt attention

A

Attention to information
being looked at directly
¤ Involves eye movements

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8
Q

what is covert attention

A

Attention to a location
not directly being looked at
¤ Not associated with eye
movements

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9
Q

what is the cocktail party email effect

A

Not strictly auditory
¤ We can voluntarily
choose to focus on
specific information
¤ Salient or pertinent
information can
catch our eye
¤ Email, Twitter,
Facebook

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10
Q

What is Endogenous Control

A

voluntary and cue usually needs interpretation

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11
Q

what is exogenous control

A

relexive and cue automatically draws attention

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12
Q

what are the 3 parts of the frontoparietal attentional network

A

PAS, AAS and VS

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13
Q

what is pas

A

Posterior Attentional System (PAS) - Responsible for
orienting of attention – where do we focus?

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14
Q

what is AAS

A

Anterior Attentional System (AAS) - Conscious
control of attention – what do we need to focus
on?

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15
Q

what is VS

A

Vigilance System (VS) - Prepares and sustains
alertness toward signals that demand high priority

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16
Q

what is the parietal love responsible for in response to attention (DISENGAGE)

A

Shifts of attention in
space
¤ ‘Where’ information

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17
Q

what is the superior colliculi responsible for in response to attention (MOVE)

A

Visual processing
and eye movements

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18
Q

what is the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus (enhance)

A

filtering/suppresing irrelevant stimuli

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19
Q

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

decision making and maintaining attention away from irrelevant information

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20
Q

modern trephination

A

the surgical procedure in which a hole is created in the skull

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21
Q

Leucotomy

A

Greek “cutting
white” (white matter)
¤ Cut connections between
frontal cortex and thalamus
¤ Small hole drilled in side of
skull
¤ Alleviate symptoms of
psychosis and depression

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22
Q

Lobotomy

A

Severing connections in the
brain’s prefrontal lobe
¤ Brain is accessed through the eye
sockets

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23
Q

what is clinical neuropsych

A

deals with psychological assessment, management, and rehabilitation of neurological disease and injury

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24
Q

what is experimental neuropsych

A

focuses on human behaviour

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25
Q

what GLAND in the brain is responsible for behaviour

A

pineal gland

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26
Q

who was phinease gage

A

25 y/o railroad worker
¤Tamping iron shot penetrated left cheek, went through brain, exited skull on other side
¤Though blinded, did not lose consciousness

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27
Q

legallois discovery was important why (brainstem and medula)

A

lesioning the 2 resulted in cessation of breathing

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28
Q

electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe at variour points produced movements on the…

A

opposite side of the body

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29
Q

what is leucotomy

A

greek for cutting white matter its done to cut the connections between frontal cortex and thalamus to alleviate symptoms of psychosis and or depression

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30
Q

how much does the brain weigh

A

3lbs

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31
Q

why is the brain inconsistent

A

structures have more then one name and things are located in odd places

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32
Q

what is a neuron

A

communication cell

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33
Q

what is a glial cell

A

glue cell that supports other cellls

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34
Q

3 types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes(SPACE), oligodendrocytes(MYELIN) and microglia(small so removes debris)

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35
Q

what is the neuron made up of

A

dendrites soma axon and termianl buttons, synapse

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36
Q

whats the difference between a sulcus and a gyrus

A

sulcus is a more shallow cleft and a gyrus is a ridge in the cortex

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37
Q

whats grey matter

A

outermost layer of the brain

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38
Q

whats white matter?

A

myelinated axons that connect brain regions

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39
Q

CNS and PNS what are they made of

A

cns = brain, spinal cord
Pns= nerves from the cns

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40
Q

autonomic system

A

Regulation of internal states

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41
Q

Somatic System:

A

Interaction with external
environment (e.g., sensory input; touch

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42
Q

Sympathetic System:

A

Quick response to prepare body for vigorous activity (i.e., arousal)

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43
Q

3 major divisions of the brain

A

forebrain (TD) midbrain(M) Hind brain (MM)

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44
Q

Parasympathetic System

A

Non-emergency behaviours – responses that do not require a quick response (i.e., “rest and digest”; calming)

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45
Q

frontal lobe importance

A

planning, motor cortex, some speech

46
Q

temporal lobe importance

A

auditory

47
Q

parietal lobeimportance

A

sensation and touch

48
Q

occipital lobe importance

A

visual stimuli

49
Q

basal ganglia importance

A

voluntary movements

50
Q

limbic system importance

A

behaviour and emotional responses

51
Q

3 levels of meninges

A

dura mater arachnoid mater and pia mater

52
Q

single cell recording is what

A

Electrodes inserted into
individual neuron
¤ Activity of neuron related to behaviors

53
Q

single cell recording advantages

A

Greater precision
¤ Conclude causality

54
Q

single cell recording limitations

A

gerneralizability, artificial/too simple

55
Q

cortical stimulation

A

Electrodes are placed on surface of brain

56
Q

subcortical stimulation

A

Stimulating white matter pathways

57
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

Implant electrodes into brain region
of interest

58
Q

controlled brain lesions are what

A

animal studies

59
Q

Acquired Brain Lesions are what

A

patient studies, ¤ Any type of brain damage that occurs after birth

60
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)?

A

Detects electrical activity in brain using small, metal discs (electrodes) attached to scalp

61
Q

partial seizures

A

spikes and sharp waves on EEG
in a specific area of the brain

62
Q

generalized seizures

A

spikes and sharp waves are widely spread over entire brain

63
Q

ERPs

A

Measured brain response to a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event
¤ Repeat task and average activity over many trials

64
Q

MRI?

A

Uses strong magnets to measure magnetic field to create detailed images

65
Q

DTI?

A

Mapping white matter pathways in vivo

66
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes

67
Q

FMRI

A

Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

68
Q

nociception?

A

pain and temp

69
Q

Hapsis?

A

fine touch and pressure

70
Q

proprioception?

A

awareness of body in space

71
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

¤ Sensory pathway of nervous system
Responsible for transmission of pain, temperature, and crude touch

72
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway:

A

Sensory pathway of CNS

73
Q

¤Corticospinal Tract

A

Forms part of descending spinal
tract system

74
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Major sensory processing hub

75
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Decision to execute voluntary movement

76
Q

Homunculus

A

Map along motor cortex of where each part of body is processed

77
Q

cerebellum?

A

Coordinating movement

78
Q

what happens to attention when in pain

A

when attention is diverted pain decreases

79
Q

apraxia?

A

Inability to perform skilled, purposeful movement

80
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia

A

Cannot execute or imitate simple gestures in response to a command

81
Q

Ideational Apraxia

A

“An impairment in knowing how, rather than what, to do”

82
Q

Astereognosis

A

Loss of the ability to identify an object
by touch

83
Q

Phantom Limb Syndrome

A

result of cortical reorganization

84
Q

retina?

A

Light-sensitive membrane in the back of eye that contains rods and cones

85
Q

optic nerve

A

Ganglion cell axons
¤ Leave eye at optic disc (blind spot)

86
Q

optic chiasm

A

Point of crossover for half of the visual projections

87
Q

blind spot?

A

Where optic nerve passes through optic disc

88
Q

Hemianopia

A

Loss of vision in half the visual field

89
Q

Scotoma

A

Loss of vision in one point

90
Q

Quadrantanopia

A

Loss of vision to a quarter of the visual field

91
Q

ventral stream

A

¤ “What” pathway
¤ Recognizing objects
¤ Names and functions of objects regardless of location

92
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

“Where”/“How” pathway
¤ Locations of objects, but not
their names or functions
¤ How to interact with objects

93
Q

encode

A

attending to information

94
Q

consolidation

A

storing info for later use

95
Q

retrieval

A

Accessing information from where it is stored in the brain for use

96
Q

¤Short Term Memory (STM)

A

Holds information beyond the duration of the
sensory store, but not permanently
¤ Duration: seconds, unless rehearsed
¤ Capacity: 7 +/- 2

97
Q

Long Term Memory (LTM)

A

Can be recalled days, months, or
years after they were stored
¤ Duration: relatively permanent
¤ Capacity: Unlimited (?)

98
Q

Working Memory

A

¤ Info that is going to be acted on or used
New information (e.g., where you parked)
¤ Information retrieved from LTM (e.g., phone #)

99
Q

3 components of working memory

A

Central executive (controls attention)
2) Phonological Loop (inner speech)
3) Visuospatial Sketchpad (visuospatial info)

100
Q

2 types of long term memory

A

Explicit Memories
¤ Facts and events that can be easily communicated ¤ Implicit Memories
¤ Skills and habits (not easily communicated)

101
Q

3 classes of ltm?

A

Episodic: unique past experience (explicit);
e.g.,) First time driving car

Semantic: Recollection of knowledge without unique experience; non-e.g.,) Names of colours

Implicit (Procedural): Physical recollection of muscle movements required to carry out a learned task (i.e., motor skills; implicit)

102
Q

what did HM prove abt hippocampus

A

not in the ltm, not for retrieval, not for stm,

103
Q

Amnesia

A

failure to encode store or retrieve a memory

104
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to make new memories after event

105
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory from before event

106
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia

107
Q

Fugue State

A

Individual loses memory of personal history/identity

108
Q

alzheimers disease

A

Development of plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles

109
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

¤Caused by severe B1 (thiamine) deficiency

110
Q

¤Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory

A

Allows individual to remember every detail of their lives with near-perfect accuracy

Usask year 3.1 (11 decks)

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