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neuro pt 2 Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

functions of nervous system

A

detecting, analyzing, and transmitting information

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2
Q

neuroglial

A

-capable of mitosis
-protect and provide developmental, physiological, and metabolic support fot neurons

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3
Q

sensory neurons

A

have dendrites on both ends
-connected by long axon with cell body in middle
-carry signals from peripheral to central

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4
Q

Afferent

A

incoming sensory pathways

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5
Q

motor neurons

A

control muscle contactions
- have cell body on one end. long acon and dendrites on the other end
-carry signals from central to peripheral

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6
Q

efferent

A

outgoing motor pathways

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7
Q

ICP

A

pressure inside skull, include brain(78%), CSF(10%), and blood(12%)
should alwyas be balanced

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8
Q

levels of ICP

A

normal: 5-15
Moderate 21-30
very severe: 41+

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9
Q

causes of increased ICP

A

acquired brain injury (non-traumatic)
traumatic brain injury

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10
Q

early s/s of increase ICP

A

LOC
sluggish pupillary response headache
slurred speech
decrease motor function
projectile vomitting

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11
Q

late s/s of increase ICP

A

increased confusions
dilated pupils
changes in vitals
abdnormal reflexes
loss of brainstem reflexes
decorticate and decerebrate

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12
Q

cushing’s triad

A

sign of cerebral swelling
1. change in respirations-irregular and deep
2. a widening pulse pressure
3. bradycardia

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13
Q

concussion

A

mild form of TBI by impact to head or whiplash

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14
Q

contusion

A

bruises on specific brain areas from impact to head

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15
Q

coup contrecoup

A

contusion present at both the site of impact and the exact opposite end of impact

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16
Q

diffuse axonal injury

A

tearing of brain’s axons
-happens when brain is injured as it shifts and rotates in skull
-causes coma
-may have normal CT

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17
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

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A

brain degeneration likely caused by repeated head traumas
-diagnosis made only at autopsy

18
Q

second impact syndrome

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A

aka repetitive head injury syndrome
-individuals expereince a second head injury before complete recovery from initial injury

19
Q

TBI: epidural hematoma

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A

arterial bleed
-high pressure bleed, fast bleeding
-most dangerous
-increased ICP
-untreated= death fast!

20
Q

TBI: subdural hematoma

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A

venous bleed
-low pressure bleed
-increased ICP

21
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrahage (not stroke)

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A

small arteries tear during initial injury
-pathologic presence of blood within subarachnoid space
-2nd most common acute brain injury

22
Q

roles of spinal cord

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A

send motor commands from brain to body
-send sensory info from body to brain
-coordinate reflexes

23
Q

ascending spinal tract

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A

sends sensory info to brain

24
Q

descending spinal tract

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A

sends motor info down the cord

25
complete SCI
all sensory and all motor control are lost below level of inury
26
incomplete SCI
some motor or sensory function loss below affected area are preserved
27
paraplegia
paralysis that affects all of part of the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs. may still have movement of upper limbs
28
tetraplegia/quadiplegia
arms, hands, trunk, legs, and pelvic all affected, basically neck down, no bueno
29
brown sequard ISCI
usually caused by puncture or infection -symptoms: same sided weakness, loss of bladder/bowel control, contralateral sensory loss -excellent prognosis
30
central cervical cord syndrome ISCI
-cause: hyperextension of neck, spinal cord gets bruised squashed or compressed -symptoms: most commone ISCI, impacts upper limbs more than lower, sevre arm weakness -high chance of walking again
31
posterior ISCI
cause: SCI trauma, demylinated disorders, external compression -symptoms: low sensation of vibration/fine touch, loss of proprioception, loss of balance/coordiantion, power perserved -good prognosis, walk again but very unsteady/fall risk
32
anterior ISCI
cause: severe blood loss, anterior 2/3 of spinal cord -symptoms: motor paralysis below level of lesion, loss of pain sensation below injury, preserved touch and proprioception -poor prognosis 10-20% chance of motor recovery
33
Spinal shocks
-inital shock/ "temporary" -T7 or below -complete loss of reflex function -transient drop in bp and poor venous circulation -loss of thermal control
34
neurogenic shock
-T6 or above -sudden loss of sympathetic nervous system that maintains normal vascular tone -blood volume is displaced causing hypotension and bradycardia -right after SCI, can also happen well after
35
Autonomic nervous system dysfunction
-aka autonomic dysreflexia or neurogenic shock -most common SCI at or below T6 -SNS massively overacts to a noxious stimulus -PNS not effective at regulating below SCI -vasodilation above injury -vasoconstriction below injury PNS and SNS out of control
36
disorders of upper motor neurons
ALS -TBI -SCI -MS -CVAs -huntingtons disease
37
disorders of lower motor neurons
poliomyelitis
38
Multiple sclerosis
progessive diseas of the brain and spinal cord -destruction of mylein sheath on CNS -causes: largely unknown, auto-immune, genetic suseptibility -pathogenesis: T cells attack myelin sheath, demyelination, damages action potential between axon on neurons
39
ALS
neurodegenerative disorder affects motor system and presents with progressive muscle weakness -aka Lou Ghrigs disease -pt. survives about 2-5 yrsafter disease onset
40
symptoms of ALS
impaire fine motor control -change in vocal pitch -slurred speech -dysphagia -severe weakness -muscle cramps -uncontrolled laughter/crying -muscle atrophy -problems speaking -impaired breathing
41
myasthenia gravis
-mostly affects women in 20-30s and men 50-60s -drooping eyelids -weakness of eye muscles and facial muscles -double vision -excessive muscle fatigue after activities -impaire speech -weakeness of upper and lowe extremities
42
generalized myasthenia gravis
chronic type 2 hypersenstivity -B-cells make antibodies that bind to ACh receptors -blocks transmission og ACh to post-synaptic membrane -messages from CNS to contract muscles fail

Patho (5 decks)

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