neuro quiz 1 (lectures 2-5)

Question 1

scientific research

Answer 1

investigate or examination

Question 2

quantitative study

Answer 2

data is collected through measurement

Question 3

qualitative study

Answer 3

data is analyzed through the use of formed judgement

Question 4

experimental design

Answer 4

involves experimental and control groups

Question 5

nonexperimental design

Answer 5

involves observation and description

Question 6

scientific method

Answer 6

question -> research -> hypothesis -> study design -> data collection -> analyze results -> relate to hypothesis -> report results

Question 7

directional hypothesis

Answer 7

predict that two factors are different from one another (average weight of males is higher than average weight of females)

Question 8

non directional hypothesis

Answer 8

do not have two factors different (males and females have different average body weights)

Question 9

null hypothesis

Answer 9

we are wrong; no significant difference between the variables

Question 10

variables

Answer 10

independent (manipulation/predictor) dependent (outcome/criterion)
categorical (alive vs dead, present vs absent)
quantitative (numbers)

Question 11

unbiased selection

Answer 11

simple random sample : all individuals are randomly selected
bias: sample of convenience (volunteers, picking who you want)

Question 12

sample size

Answer 12

larger sample size = more accurate results

Question 13

effect size

Answer 13

size of the effect of the independent variable in the population

Question 14

power analysis

Answer 14

used to calculate minimum sample size needed

Question 15

ability to reject null hypothesis

Answer 15

Alpha (a) : usually set to 0.05. This is the probability of a type I error

Question 16

Type 1 error

Answer 16

saying there is a significant effect when there isnt one

Question 17

type 2 error

Answer 17

saying there is not an effect when there really is one

Question 18

between subjects

Answer 18

comparing a placebo and control medicated group

Question 19

within subjects

Answer 19

one group gets both placebo and medication (stronger than between)

Question 20

objective measurement > subjective

Answer 20

thermometer is more accurate than putting a hand to a forehead

Question 21

experimental rigor

Answer 21

if human raters are used, they must be blind to experimental conditions

Question 22

2 sample/ independent samples t-test

Answer 22

can tell you if two groups are significantly different from one another (increases risk of type 1 error)

Question 23

2 group t-test

Answer 23

two peaks not touching = null hypothesis is not true
two peaks overlapping = null hypothesis is true

Question 24

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

Answer 24

can test multiple groups at once to determine treatment effects
F = variance between/within groups

Question 25

repeated measures ANOVA (multiple measurements within subject)

Answer 25

Group 1 : pretest -> treatment A + Test -> treatment B + posttest Group 2: pretest -> treatment B + test -> Treatment A + posttest

Question 26

light microscopy

Answer 26

uses visible light to view neurons and their processes. They stain the neurons to see them

Question 27

immunofluorescent microscopy

Answer 27

antigen - antibody - fluorophore complex

Question 28

NISSL Stain

Answer 28

stains the cell body, specifically the endoplasmic reticulum good for seeing intracellular structures

Question 29

Golgi Stain

Answer 29

dendrites, SOMA, axons stained dark black

Question 30

Fiber Stain

Answer 30

stains myelin fibers blue nerve cells are purple unmyelinated are pink

Question 31

electron microscopy

Answer 31

magnifies the cell

Question 32

ERP/EEG

Answer 32

ERP measured using EEG. measured brain response during a thought or perception

Question 33

MRI

Answer 33

uses strong magnetic field to change the orientation of the spin of protons and a radio frequency signal. Can see gray, white matter, and CSF. T1: fluid is black T2: fluid is white

Question 34

diffusion tensor imaging (MRI)

Answer 34

to look at axons traveling red: fibers traveling from left to right (ear to ear) blue: fibers traveling from crown to chin Green: fibers traveling from nose to back of head

Question 35

functional MRI (fMRI)

Answer 35

shows changes in blood oxygenation in brain regions in response to specific stimuli (blood flow increases for active neurons)

Question 36

PET Scan

Answer 36

Gamma rays shot out from head in opposite directions. Positrons detected by the scanner. Not a very high resolution scan, often combined with MRI

Question 37

Things to measure with PET

Answer 37

dopamine loss in parkinsons accumulation in alzheimers disease opioid receptors in addiction

Question 38

HM

Answer 38

medial temporal lobes (hippocampus) removed from brain. Had temporally graded retrograde amnesia

Question 39

Phineas Gage

Answer 39

severe damage to the ventral frontal cortex. Had extreme changes in behavior

Question 40

stereotactic surgery

Answer 40

minimally invasive surgery. precisely locate small regions within the brain

Question 41

sham surgery vs excitotoxic lesions

Answer 41

minimally invasive vs lesion surgery

Question 42

radial arm maze

Answer 42

used for spatial learning, reference memory, and working memory 4 randomly chosen arms are baited meaure the amount of time it takes for subject to find the rewards, the number of arms they enter, and how long they wait in the center

Question 43

novel object recognition

Answer 43

recognition memory animal gets used to two objects, one of them gets replaced with a new one. Researchers will measure the amount of time that the animal spends with the new object vs the old

Question 44

operant conditioning chamber

Answer 44

classical and operant conditioning. means of measuring behavior and reduces experimental error

Question 45

Pavlovian fear conditioning

Answer 45

fear conditioning to a stimulus

Question 46

intravenous drug self administration

Answer 46

get animal addicted they push a lever to self administer

Question 47

psychopharmacology

Answer 47

drugs that can enter the brain and interfere with the function of one protein, so we can see the consequences for behavior.

Question 48

DREADDS

Answer 48

designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs - no endogenous ligand for the receptor

Question 49

electrophysiology : IN-VIVO RECORDINGS

Answer 49

measure neural activity via electrodes that are implanted into the extracellular space. acute vs chronic recordings -shows rate and temporal properties of firing of action potentials by neurons. look at changes in the timing and rate of neural firing during given stimulus

Question 50

electrophysiology: EX VIVO RECORDINGS - post mortem

Answer 50

Slice: commonly measured in the hippocampus allows for measurement of network function and single neuron firing properties

Question 51

fast scan cyclic voltammetry - in vivo

Answer 51

electrically stimulate cell bodies in one brain region and record neurotransmitter release in another -causes maximum amount of dopamine in the synapse maximum rate of dopamine uptake at the transporter

Question 52

Fiber photometry and Grab DA

Answer 52

-monitor genetically encoded fluorescent signals using implanted fiber optic cannula DA: sensors detect endogenous DA dynamics (ex and in vivo)

Question 53

microdialysis

Answer 53

semipermeable cannula in the brain place probe into canula with flowing cerebrospinal fluid collect dialysate and analyze via hplc

Question 54

laser doppler flowmetry

Answer 54

measuring relative changes in blood flow over time

Question 55

miniscope

Answer 55

measuring activity-dependent changes in blood flow

Question 56

ELISA

Answer 56

use antibodies to identify the presence of a substrate. direct and indirect methods to count the amount of substrate

Question 57

Western Blot

Answer 57

utilizes immunodetection to identify a protein gives info on the size and purity of the protein