Neuro Second Portion Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
What is the anatomy of the nervous system called?
A
Neuroanatomy
2
Q
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: towards the stomach?
A
Ventral
3
Q
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the back?
A
Dorsal
4
Q
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the front end?
A
Anterior
5
Q
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the back end?
A
Posterior
6
Q
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the side
A
Lateral
7
Q
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the midline
A
Medial
8
Q
What term means above another part?
A
Superior
9
Q
What term means below another part?
A
Inferior
10
Q
What term means located close (approximate) to the point of origin or attachment?
A
Proximal
11
Q
What term means located more distant from the point of origin or attachment?
A
Distal
12
Q
What term means on the same side of the body (e.g., two parts on the left or two on the right)?
A
Ipsilateral
13
Q
What term means on the opposite side of the body (one on the left and one on the right)
A
Contralateral
14
Q
What term means a plan that shows brain structures as seen from the front?
A
Coronal plan (or frontal plane)
15
Q
What term means a plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side?
A
Sagittal Plane
16
Q
What term means a plan that shows brain structures as seen from above?
A
Horizontal Plane (Or Transverse Plane)
17
Q
Which plane is this?
A
Horizontal Plane
18
Q
Which plane is this?
A
Sagittal Plane
19
Q
Which plane is this?
A
Coronal Plane
20
Q
Within the Peripheral Nervous System, what system controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the central nervous system?
A
Somatic
21
Q
Within the Peripheral Nervous System, what system controls involuntary muscles?
A
Autonomic
22
Q
Within the Autonomic portion of the Peripheral Nervous System, what system expends energy?
A
Sympathetic
23
Q
Within the Autonomic portion of the Peripheral Nervous System, what system conserves energy?
A
Parasympathetic
24
Q
The Central Nervous System consists of what two pieces?
A
Brain and Spinal Chord
25
The _____ _____ is the part of the CNS found within the spinal column and communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head.
Spinal Cord
26
The _____-_____ ______ states that entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information.
Bell-Magendie Law
27
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord called _____ _____ _____.
Dorsal Root Ganglia
28
In the spinal cord, what is located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites?
Grey Matter
29
In the spinal cord, what is composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry information from the grey matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord?
White Matter
30
The Peripheral Nervous System is comprised of what two systems?
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
31
The Somatic Nervous System consists of nerves that: convey _____ information to the CNS, and transmit messages for _____ movement from the CNS to the body.
Sensory, motor
32
The _____ _____ _____ regulates the automatic behaviors of the body (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion etc).
Autonomic Nervous System
33
The autonomic nervous system can be divided into what two subsystems?
The Sympathetic Nervous System
The Parasympathetic Nervous System
34
The _____ _____ _____ is a network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity: increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc., is comprised of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord, and mainly uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter at the postganglionic synapses.
Sympathetic Nervous System
35
The _____ _____ _____ facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses by the organs, decreases functions increased by the sympathetic nervous system, comprised of long pre-ganglion axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attach to the organs themselves, and is dominant during our relaxed states, and postganglionic axons mostly release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
36
The brain can be divided into three major divisions: _____, _____, _____
Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain
37
What are the two major structures of the Forebrain?
Thalamus & Hypothalamus
38
What are the five major structures of the Midbrain?
Tectum, Tegmentum, Superior and Inferior Colliculi, Sustantia Nigra
39
What are the three major structures of the Hindbrain?
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
40
A structure in the Forebrain, what is a relay station for transmitting sensory information?
Thalamus
41
A structure in the forebrain, what is involved in functions like hormone regulation, temperature regulation, and maintaining daily physiological cycles?
Hypothalamus
42
A structure in the midbrain, what is the dorsal part of the midbrain, involved in auditory and visual reflexes?
Tectum
43
A structure in the Midbrain, what is the central part of the midbrain, involved in many basic functions such as homeostasis and reflex actions?
Tegmentum
44
Structures in the Midbrain, what are involved in preliminary visual and auditory processing?
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
45
A structure in the Midbrain, what is involved in reward and movement?
Substantia Nigra
46
A structure in the Hindbrain, what controls autonomic functions and connects the brain to the spinal cord?
Medulla
47
A structure in the Hindbrain, what is a brain structure that relays information from the forebrain to the cerebellum and deals with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.
Pons
48
A structure in the Hindbrain, what is involved in motor control, coordination, precision, and accurate timing?
Cerebellum
49
Also known as the prosencephalon, what is the anterior part of the brain that includes the telencephalon and diencephalon and includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus?
Forebrain
50
Also known as the mesencephalon, what is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation and includes the Tectum, Tegmentum, Superior and Inferior Colliculi, and Substantia Nigra?
Midbrain
51
Also known as the rhombencephalon, what is the posterior part of the brain, consisting of the metencephalon and myelencephalon, and includes the Medulla, Pons, and Cerebellum?
Hindbrain
52
What's this?
Corpus Callosum
53
What's this?
Cerebral Cortex
54
What's this?
Thalamus
55
What's this?
Hypothalamus
56
What's this?
Pituitary Gland
57
What's this?
Pons
58
What's this?
Medulla
59
What's this?
Cerebellum
60
In the spinal cord, what is the butterfly-shaped area in the center of the spinal cord made up of neuron cell bodies where synaptic connections are made?
Gray Matter
61
In the spinal cord, what is the outer region surrounding the gray matter, consisting of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) that are the pathways for nerve signals traveling to and from the brain?
White Matter
62
In the spinal cord, what is a cluster of nerve cell bodies (neurons) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons that bring information from the periphery to the spinal cord?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
63
In the spinal cord, what are the nerves that bring sensory information from the body into the spinal cord through the dorsal roots?
Sensory Nerve
64
In the spinal cord, what are the nerves that carry motor commands from the spinal cord out to the body through the ventral roots?
Motor Nerve
65
What's this?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
66
What's this?
Gray Matter
67
What's this?
Central Canal
68
What's this?
White Matter
69
What's this?
Sensory Nerve
70
What's this?
Motor Nerve
71
What side is this?
Dorsal
72
What side is this?
Ventral
73
The hindbrain structures, the midbrain, and other central structures of the brain combine and make up the _____ _____.
Brain Stem
74
What's this?
Thalamus
75
What's this?
Superior Colliculus
76
What's this?
Inferior Colliculus
77
What's this?
Tectum
78
What's this?
Tegmentum
79
What's this?
Pons
80
What's this?
Medulla
81
What's this?
Pineal Gland
82
What's this?
Midbrain
83
What is located just above the spinal cord and could be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord, and is responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing?
Medulla
84
What allow the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs to the organs?
Cranial Nerves
85
Which cranial nerve holds a major function of smell?
Olfactory
86
Which cranial nerve holds a major function of vision?
Optic
87
What are the major functions of the following three cranial nerves: Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens?
Control of Eye Movement
88
What cranial nerve holds the function of skin sensations from most of the face and control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing?
Trigeminal
89
What cranial nerve holds the function of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, control of facial expressions, crying, salivation, and dilation of the head's blood vessels?
Facial
90
What cranial nerve holds the function of hearing and equilibrium?
Statoacoustic
91
What cranial nerve controls taste and other sensations from the throat and posterior third of the tongue, including swallowing, salivation, and throat movements during speech?
Glossopharyngeal
92
What cranial nerve functions as the source of sensations from the neck and thorax, control of the throat, esophagus, and larynx, and parasympathetic nerves to the stomach, intestines, and other organs?
Vagus
93
What cranial nerve holds the function of control of neck and shoulder movements?
Accessory
94
What cranial nerve holds the function of control of muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal
95
What's this?
Optic Nerve
96
What are theses?
Cranial Nerves
97
What is this?
Pons
98
What are these?
Spinal Nerves
99
What's this?
Medulla
100
What's this?
Cerebellum
101
What's this?
Midbrain
102
What lies on each side of the medulla (ventral and anterior), contains the reticular formation and raphe system along with the medulla, and works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain?
Pons
103
The descending portion of this is one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal cord and the descending portion of this sends output to much of the cerebral cortex, selectively increasing arousal and attention. What is it?
Reticular Formation
104
The _____ system also sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli.
raphe
105
What structure is located in the hindbrain with many deep folds, helps regulate motor movement, balance and coordination, and is also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli?
Cerebellum
106
The _____ is comprised of the following structures: tectum, superior colliculus & inferior colliculus, tagmentum, and substantial nigra.
Midbrain
107
What is the roof of the midbrain?
Tectum
108
What are the swellings on each side of the rectum and routes for sensory information?
Superior Colliculus & Inferior Colliculus
109
What is the intermediate level of the midbrain?
Tagmentum
110
What gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway in the midbrain?
Substantia Nigra
111
The _____ is the most anterior and prominent part of the mammalian brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres: the outer cortex and subcortical regions, and the outer portion known as the "cerebral cortex."
Forebrain
112
What's this?
Cingulate Gyrus
113
What's this?
Frontal Lobe
114
What's this?
Corpus Callosum
115
What's this?
Nucleus Accumbens
116
What's this?
Hypothalamus
117
What's this?
Pituitary Gland
118
What's this?
Pons
119
What's this?
Medulla
120
What's this?
Spinal Cord
121
What's this?
Parietal Lobe
122
What's this?
Thalamus
123
What's this?
Occipital Lobe
124
What are these?
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
125
What's this?
Cerebellum
126
What's this?
Central Canal of Spinal Cord
127
What are structures of the brain that lie underneath the cortex?
Subcortical Regions
128
What do the subcortical structures of the forebrain include?
Thalamus and Basal Ganglia
129
What is the relay station from the sensory organs and the main source of input to the cortex?
Thalamus
130
What subcortical part of the forebrain is important for certain aspects of movement?
Basal Ganglia
131
The _____ system consists of several other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem, including the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex. It is associated with motivation, emotion, drive, and aggression.
limbic
132
What's This?
Cingulate Gyrus
133
What's this?
Thalamus
134
What's this?
Hypothalamus
135
What's this?
Mamillary Body
136
What's this?
Hippocampus
137
What's this?
Amygdala
138
What's this?
Olfactory Bulb
139
What is the area near the base of the brain that conveys messages to the pituitary gland to trigger the release of hormones and is associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, sexual behavior, and other motivated behaviors?
Hypothalamus
140
The Thalamus and the Hypothalamus together form the _____.
Diencephalon
141
What's this?
Primary Motor Cortex
142
What's this?
Frontal Cortex
143
What's this?
Optic Track
144
What's this?
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
145
What's this?
Occipital Cortex
146
What's this?
Thalamus
147
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Dorsomedial Nucleus
148
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Ventral Lateral Nucleus
149
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
150
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Lateral Geniculate Body
151
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Pulvinar Nucleus
152
What is the hormone-producing gland found at the base of the hypothalamus?
Pituitary Gland
153
What is comprised of the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus, and is associated with planning of motor movement, and aspects of memory and emotional expression?
Basal Ganglia
154
What is this?
Thalamus
155
What are these?
Globus Pallidus (Medial)
156
What is this?
Caudate Nucleus
157
What is this?
Putamen (Lateral)
158
What is this?
Amygdala
159
The _____ _____ is comprised of several structures that lie on the dorsal surface of the forebrain and contains the nucleus basalis.
Basal forebrain
160
What receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia, sends axons that release acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex, and is a key part of the brain's system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention?
Nucleus Basalis
161
What's this?
Nucleus Basalis
162
What is a large structure located between the thalamus and cerebral cortex that is critical for storing certain types of memory?
Hippocampus
163
What is a fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord?
Central Canal
164
What are four fluid-filled cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid?
Ventricles
165
What is a clear fluid similar to blood plasma found in the brain and spinal cord that provides "cushioning" for the brain and is a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
166
What are these?
Lateral Ventricles
167
What is this?
Third Ventricle
168
What's this?
Cerebral Aquaduct
169
What's this?
Central Canal of the Spinal Cord
170
What's this?
Thalamus
171
What's this?
Fourth Ventricle
172
What are these?
Lateral Ventricles
173
What is the most prominent part of the mammalian brain that consists of the cellular layers on the outer surface of the brain, is comprised of grey matter and white matter, is divided into two halves, is joined by two bundles of axons called the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure, and is more highly developed in humans than other species?
Cerebral Cortex
174
The cerebral cortex contains up to six distinct _____ (layers) that are parallel to the surface of the cortex.
laminae
175
Cells of the cortex are also divided into _____ that lie perpendicular to the laminae.
Columns
176
Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.
Occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal
177
What's this?
Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex)
178
What's this?
Prefrontal Lobe (Planning of Movements, Recent Memory, Some Aspects of Emotions)
179
What's this?
Central Sulcus
180
What's this?
Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)
181
What's this?
Parietal Lobe (Body Sensations)
182
What's this?
Occipital Lobe (Vision)
183
What's this?
Olfactory Bulb
184
What sense does this part of the brain control?
Auditory
185
What does this part of the brain control?
Motor
186
What does this part of the brain control?
Somesthetic
187
What does this part of the brain control?
Visual
188
What part of the brain is located at the posterior end of the cortex, is known as the striate cortex or the primary visual cortex, is highly responsible for visual input, and damage to it can result in cortical blindness?
Occipital Lobe
189
What part of the brain contains the postcentral gyrus (aka "primary somatosensory cortex") is the primary target for touch sensations, and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors, and is also responsible for processing and integrating information about eye, head, and body positions from information sent from muscles and joints?
Parietal Lobe
190
What part of the brain is located on the lateral portion of the hemispheres near the temples, is a target for auditory information and essential for processing spoken language, and is also responsible for complex aspects of vision including movement and some emotional and motivational behaviors?
Temporal Lobe
191
What part of the brain contains the prefrontal cortex and the precentral gyrus?
Frontal Lobe
192
What is also known as the primary motor cortex and is responsible for the control of fine motor movement?
Precentral Gyrus
193
What is the integration center for all sensory information and other areas of the cortex? It is also responsible for higher functions such as abstract thinking and planning, responsible for our ability to remember recent events and information, and allows for regulation of impulsive behaviors and the control of more complex behaviors.
Prefrontal Cortex
194
Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between _____ and _____ nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us.
380 and 760 Nanometers
195
The perceived color of light is determined by what three dimensions?
Hue, Saturation, Brightness
196
How fast does light travel?
Approximately 300,000 kilometers per second
197
If the _____ of oscillation of the wave varies, the distance between the peaks of the waves will vary similarly, but in inverse fashion.
Frequency
198
What aspect of light is determined by wavelength?
Hue
199
What aspect of light is determined by the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation?
Brightness
200
What aspect of light is determined by the purity of the light wave?
Saturation
201
What's this?
Conjunctiva
202
What's this?
Cornea
203
What's this?
Iris
204
What's this?
Pupil Opening
205
What's this?
Optic Nerve
206
What's this?
Blood Vessels
207
What's this?
Sclera
208
What is the neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye?
Retina
209
What is one of the receptor cells of the retina; transduces photic energy into electrical potentials?
Photoreceptor
210
What are the photoreceptor cells of the retina, sensitive to the light of low intensity?
Rod
211
What are photoreceptor cells of the retina, maximally sensitive to one of three different wavelengths of light and hence encodes color vision?
Cone
212
What are these?
Rod and Cone
213
What is the region of the retina that mediates the most acute vision of birds and higher mammals? Color-sensitive cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found in it.
Fovea
214
What's this?
Fovea
215
What is the location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve that is responsible for the blind spot?
Optic Disc
216
What's this?
Optic Disc
217
What is a bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells?
Bipolar Cell
218
What is a neuron located in the retina that receives visual information from bipolar cells; its axons give rise to the optic nerve?
Ganglion Cell
219
What is a neuron that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the outer processes of the bipolar cells?
Horizontal Cell
220
What is a neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and the inner processes of the bipolar cells?
Amacrine Cell
221
What is a protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived from Vitamin A; responsible for transduction of visual information?
Photopigment
222
What is a class of protein that, together with retinal, constitutes the photopigments?
Opsin
223
What is a chemical synthesized from Vitamin A that joins with an opsin to form a photopigment?
Retinal
224
What is a particular opsin found in rods?
Rhodopsin
225
What's this?
Optic Nerve
226
What's this?
Primary Visual Cortex
227
What's this?
Optic Chiasma
228
What's this?
Retina
229
What's this?
Optic Nerve
230
What's this?
Cerebrum
231
What's this?
Optic Tract
232
What's this?
Lateral Geniculate Body
233
What's this?
Optic Radiation
234
What's this?
Visual Cortex
235
What is a cross-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland?
Optic Chiasm
236
What is a group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex?
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
237
What is the portion of the visuals field in which the presentation of visual stimuli will produce an alteration in the firing rate of a particular neuron?
Receptive field
238
What are these?
Photoreceptors
239
What are these?
Bipolar Cells
240
What are these?
Ganglion Cells
241
For convenience, the short, medium, and long wavelength cones are traditionally called _____, _____, and _____ cones, respectively.
Blue, Green, Red
242
What is an inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused; "red" cones are filled with "green" cone opsin?
Protanopia
243
What is an inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused; "Green" cones are filled with "red" cone opsin?
Deuteranopia
244
What is an inherited form of defective color vision in which hues with short wavelengths are confused; "Blue" cones are either lacking or faulty?
Tritanopia
245
