Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro > Neuro slides > Flashcards

Neuro slides Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Apraxia

A

Unable to perform learned motor movements

Eg. Cant use tools - dominant parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Agnosia

A

Failure to recognize familiar objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aphasia

A

Loss of ability to produce/understand written or spoken language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gerstmann Syndrome

A

Tetrad:

  • right left orientation
  • finger agnosia (own or anothers fingers)
  • dysgraphia (loss of ability to express thoughts in writing)
  • acalculia

-lesions in posterior left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

UMN features

A
  • spasticity (increased tone - clasp knife)
  • increased DTR (deep tendon reflexes)
  • no atrophy
  • babinski, Hoffmann
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

LMN features

A
  • absent reflexes
  • decreased tone
  • atrophy (early)
  • fasciculations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Coma

A

Reduction in arousability and awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sleep

A

Normal physiologic state of no awareness but arousable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stupor

A

State of deep sleep, where mental and physical activity are at minimum
-difficult to arouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Obtundation

A

Varying degrees of decreased alertness

-Loss of interest and responsiveness to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Coma

A

Unarousable for at least one hour

-lack of awareness, wakefulness, movement, closed eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Persistent vegetative state

A

No awareness of self or environment

  • no evidence of sustained or reproducible behavioral responses
  • no language comprehension or expression
  • wakeful unconsciousness diagnosed 1 month after coma onset
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mannitol

A

IV osmotic diuretic for elevated ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Propofol

A

Sedation in elevated ICP - to reduce metabolic demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Seizure

A

Paroxysmal electrical disturbance of neurons that disrupt the motor system, sensory system, behavior, consciousness and autonomic function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Myoclonus

A

Sudden jerking of muscles, usually sufficient to move a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Epilepsy

A

At least 2 seizures that are unprovoked more than 24h apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Status epilepticus

A

A single seizure which lasts more than 30mins
OR
A series of epileptic seizures during which function is not regained between ictal events in a 30 minute period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Management of seizures

A

Airway, breathing, circulation
Determine status + etiology if possible
Test glucose, give 50ml 50% dextrose with thiamine 100mg IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

1st drug status epilepticus

A

Lorazepam 4mg IVI at 2mg/min
OR
Diazepam 10mg IVI at 2mg/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2nd drug status epilepticus

A

Phenytoin 18mg/kg in 200ml saline at 50mg/min
THEN
Phenytoin 10-12mg/kg in 200ml saline at 50mg/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3rd drug status epilepticus

A

Sodium valproate 25mg/kg IVI at 5mg/kg/min
THEN
Sodium valproate 15mg/kg IVI at 5mg/kg/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If drugs fail in status epilepticus

A

Intubate
THEN
Phenobarbital / midazolam / propofol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CADASIL

Study These Flashcards
A

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
-multiples small holes (infarction) subcortical

25
GANS
Granulomatous angiitis of the nervous system | -chronic inflammation with giant cells
26
Cavernous sinus syndrome
CN3,4,6 with V1 & V2 involvement
27
Horner syndrome
Affected side of face has pupil constriction partial ptosis and anhidrosis -lesion in lateral medulla oblongata (affects sympathetic chain)
28
Seizure
Transient occurrence of signs/symptoms due to excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain
29
Epilepsy
Enduring predisposition to generate seizures with neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, & social consequences
30
To diagnose epilepsy
``` >2 unprovoked/reflex seizures >24h apart OR 1 unprovoked/reflex seizure + probability (>60%) of further seizures over the next 10y OR Diagnosis of epilepsy syndrome ```
31
Parasomnia
Unusual experience / behavior during sleep - sleep terror disorder - sleepwalking - nightmare disorder
32
Dyssomnia
Abnormality in amount, quality or timing of sleep - primary insomnia - hypersomnia - narcolepsy - sleep apnea - circadian rhythm sleep disorder
33
Narcolepsy
- Excessive daytime sleepiness - cataplexy (loss of muscle tone with emotional stimulus) - hypnagogic hallucinations - sleep paralysis
34
Obstructive sleep apnea
5-15 pauses per hour in breathing each lasting >10s | -associated with sleepiness or difficulty concentrating, unrefreshing nocturnal sleep or nocturia
35
Dysarthria
A group of speech disorders resulting from disturbances in muscular control - weakness, slowness or incoordination of the speech mechanism due to damage of the CNS or PNS or both
36
Aphasia Screening
1. Spontaneous speech 2. Reading 3. Writing 4. Comprehension (verbal and written) 5. Repetition 6. Naming
37
Basal ganglia
``` Striatum: caudate nucleus and putamen (inhibitory) Globus pallidus (inhibitory) Subthalamic nucleus (excitatory) Sunstantia nigra (inhibitory) ```
38
Athetosis
Continuous, slow, writhing movements (in children)
39
Akinesia
Difficulty initiating movement
40
Extrapyramidal system
Controls automated / involuntary movements, modulates muscle tone and movement, and regulates posture ROLE: -selective activation of movements and suppression of others -initiation of movements -setting rate and force of movements -coordinating movements DAMAGE RESULTS IN DISKINESIAS - eg. Parkinsons
41
Features of Parkinsons
``` TRAP -Tremor (resting) -Rigidity -Akinesia (bradykinesia) -Postural instability NB IN TEST - PHARMS ```
42
Parkinson's - other features
- Monotonous speech - Blurred vision, impaired upward gaze - cognitive impairment, depression, sleep disturbances, anxiety, psychosis, hallucinations - shuffling gait with decreased arm swing, freezing
43
Parkinson's Protective Factors
- Smoking (nicotine - neuroprotective) - Coffee (caffeine) - Moderate exercise - Low dose ibuprofen
44
Warning signs in Paeds headaches
- very severe - wakes from sleep, or worse upon waking then gets better - chronic progressive (chronic is 3-4h/day for >15 days per month for 3 months) - increasing frequency and severity - worsened by coughing/sneezing, going to toilet - change in personality - history of convulsions - relieved by effortless vomiting - neurological deficit - signs of meningeal irritation
45
Causes of Delirium
``` -medical condition / medication eg. UTI, aspiration pneumonia, hyponatremia, sleep deprivation VITAMIN -Vascular (stroke, aneurism) -infectious (encephalitis, meningitis, UTI) -Tumor -Alcohol (and other substances) -Metabolic and deficiency diseases (B12) -Iatrogenic (medications) -Non-organic ```
46
Amnestic syndrome
The "ETERNAL PRESENT TENSE" - Bourne identity Impaired recent memory (anterograde, retrograde) Global amnesia, disoriented, confabulation (make up words) Procedural, immediate, remote memory spared -posterior circulation bilateral stroke, head injury
47
Transient Global amnesia
Sudden loss of short term memory - ask repetitive questions
48
Dementia - aka Major Neurocognitive Disorder
Significant cognitive decline from previous level of performance where deficits interfere with independence in everyday activities, where deficits aren't explained by another mental disorder
49
Dementia can be due to:
-the FLAPP V(5) - five birds ``` Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Lewy body disease Alzheimer'z disease Prion disease Parkinson's disease ``` Vascular disease
50
Motor Neuron Disease
Synonym for ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) -Progressive motor syndrome with UMN + LMN features (half die within 14mo), with weak limbs or bulbar regions Progressive bulbar palsy (speech, swallowing) Progressive muscular atrophy (LMN) Primary lateral sclerosis (UMN)
51
WHO Tumor grading (anat path)
Grade 1: Polycystic pleocytoma Grade 2: diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma Grade 3: Anaplastic astrocytoma Grade 4: Glioblastoma, medulloblastoma
52
Contraindications of an LP
``` Increased ICP Local infection on skin / abscess Obstruction to CSF flow Coagulopathy / thrombocytopenia Sepsis, HT ```
53
Myasthenia gravis
Acquired autoimmune disease of neuromuscular junction - targeting postsynaptic Ach receptors -usually eye muscles are affected Differential: botulism, Lambert-Eaton
54
Myasthenia gravis diagnosis
Fatigability testing (esp of eyes) - muscles get weaker with exertion Edrophonium test - inhibit the enzyme that breaks down Ach Antibodies against ACh receptors Repetitive nerve stimulation - the action response fatigues
55
Myathenia gravis treatment
ACh esterase inhibitor (pyridostigmine) - symptomatic treatment Immune treatment: steroids Methotrexate - reduces production of inflammatory cells Myaesthenic crisis: Plasmaphresis and infusion of IV immunoglobulin
56
Dysmetria
Inaccuracy of movement so desired target is either under-reached or over-reached
57
Dysdiadochokinesia
Irregularity of rhythm and amplitude of rapid alternating movements
58
Cerebellar signs (Pillay)
``` VARNISHDDT Vertigo Ataxia Rebound test Nystagmus Intention tremor Speech Hypotonia Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesis Titubation ```
59
Muscle disorders Picture
LMN picture Cause proximal weakness (neuropathies cause distal) CK levels elevated (creatine kinase)

Neuro (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions