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Biopsychology > Neuro Test 2 > Flashcards

Neuro Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phoneme

A

Building block of language. Attached to a word to change the meaning, or they can be put together to make a word.

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2
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest meaningful word such as “as” or “is”

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3
Q

Lexicon

A

Collection of all words in a given language. Species-wide.

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4
Q

Syntax

A

Rules of grammar. Skinner said we got this by what was reinforced around us. Chomsky said we have an innate ability to create language.

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5
Q

persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

A

Long term potentiation

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6
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior

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7
Q

Drugs that increase the effectiveness of neurotransmission

A

Agonists

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8
Q

Drugs that decrease the effectiveness of neurotransmission

A

Antagonists

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9
Q

Where are acidic drugs absorbed?

A

Acidic drugs are readily absorbed across the stomach

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10
Q

Where are basic drugs absorbed?

A

Intestines

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11
Q

Nicotinic Receptor. What is it?

A

A receptor that is affected by the agonist, Nicotine. It can cross the BBB.

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12
Q

What is another recpetor affected by Nicotine?

A

Acetycholine psychedelics (agonist)

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13
Q

All sedative-hypnotics work by influencing what receptor?

A

GABA

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14
Q

How do Benzos react to the GABA receptor?

A

Benzos bind to the anti-anxiety site, maximizing the time the pore is open in response to GABA.

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15
Q

How did 1st Gen Antipsychotics (50’s) work?

A

They blocked D2 receptors

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16
Q

How did 2nd Gen Antipsychotics work?

A

Weakly block D2 receptors, but also block Serotonin 5-HT. LSD acts at this S receptor

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17
Q

How do 3rd Gen Antipsychotics work?

A

They work well, but produce many side effects (i.e. weight gain, agitation)

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of antidepressants?

A

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors,

Tricyclic Antidepressents, and Atypical Antidepressants

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19
Q

What does morphine/heroin mimic?

A

Endomorphins

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20
Q

What receptors does morphine/heroin most selectively bind to?

A

mu

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21
Q

Addiction is acquired unconsciously and is the result of conditioned learning

A

Incentive-Salience Theory

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22
Q

THC

A

Relieves nausea and emesis in chemo patients
Stimulates appetite in AIDS patients
Treats chronic pain through a different mechanism than do opioids
Used in treating glaucoma and spastic disorders such as MS, and spinal cord injury
Has neuroprotective properties that aid in brain healing after TBI and slow the progression of disease associated with brain degeneration such as in AD and HD
Reports of efficacy for epilepsy in children
Charlotte’s Web: few psychotic effects

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23
Q

Bilateral transection of the temporal lobes of epilepsy management. After surgery, left with anterograde amnesia.

A

HM

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24
Q

What is the forgetting curve? Who created it?

A

the decline of memory retention in time. The curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it. Ebbinghaus.

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25
What is the spacing effect? Who founded it?
Learning is greater when studying is spread out over time, as opposed to studying the same amount of time in a single session. Ebbinghaus.
26
What is amnesia?
Partial or total loss of memory
27
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to acquire new memories
28
What is retrograde amnesia?
Inability to access old memories
29
Time-Dependent Retrograde Amnesia. What is it?
commonly produced by TBI; severity of injury determines how far back in time the amnesia extends.
30
What are the names of the 3 theories of amnesia?
System Consolidation Theory, Multiple Trace Theory, Reconsolidation Theory
31
What is involved in the System Consolidation Theory?
The role of the hippocampus is to consolidate memories, making them permanent, hold them for a time, and then send them to be stored elsewhere in the brain. Accounts for preservation of old memories. As more damage occurs, the more old memories will be lost.
32
What is involved in the Multiple Trace Theory?
3 kinds of memory: Autobiographical, Factual Semantic, and General Semantic. Old memories are more resistant to amnesia because they change location in the brain as they are recalled.
33
What is involved in Reconsolidation Theory?
Memories rarely consist of single trace of neural substrate. Each time a memory is used it’s reconsolidated. A memory reenters a labile phase when it is recalled and is then re-stored as a new memory. Results in many different traces for the same event.
34
Semantic memory, episodic memory, and autonoetic awareness of time are what types of memory?
Explicit memory
35
What is explicit memory?
Facts, events and episodic memories. Conscious intentional remembering.
36
What is a person's recall of singular personal events?
episodic memory
37
What is Semantic memory?
All nonautobiographical knowledge- knowledge about the world. Intact in HM and KC. Does not depend on medial-temporal lobe-ventral-refrontal-lobe memory system that subserves episodic memory.
38
What are the parts of the hippocampus?
Dentate Gyrus, Amnon's Horn, Perforant Pathway, Fimbria-fornix.
39
What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
Characterized by anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation, meager conversation content, lack of insight, apathy in sufferers.
40
How is Korsakoff's syndrome manifested?
• Caused by a Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency resulting from prolonged alcohol intake. Damage may be in the medial thalamus, mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, and frontal lobe atrophy.
41
What is confabulation?
Making up information that is not true. Not lying, as they actually believe the info
42
What is the HERA model of memory?
Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry – The left PFC is more involved than the right PFC in episodic/semantic memory encoding. Whereas the right PFC is more involved than the left PFC in episodic memory retrieval
43
We can never put too much water in the nuclear power plant
Semantics
44
What is prosody?
tone of voice
45
What are formants?
Grouped sound waves specific to each vowel; modify emitted sound; act as a bandpass filter. Nasal cavity, pharanx, and oral cavity. Work together to filter out sounds. Eliminates vibrations of sounds that pass thru the vocal chords. They’ll cut out sounds that aren’t favored to be used by human speech. Chicken or egg scenario.
46
What are the 2 theories regarding language development?
Continuity Theory, Discontinuity Theory
47
Describe and name some Continuity Theories.
Language evolved gradually. Slow change over time. Bow wow theory- language evolved from noises made to imitate natural sounds
48
What are Discontinuity Theories?
language evolved rapidly and appeared suddenly (with homosapiens).
49
What did Swadish (1971) say about language?
At one point when language started, we all had the same language. Rate of change in language 14% every 1000.
50
What did Lieberman say about language?
Lieberman (2003)- Language appeared along with lowered vocal tract- within 200,000 years Argues for recent evolution of language based on skull reconstructions
51
What did Marshack say about language?
Language and writing could have appeared together, evolving together. Tool use.
52
What is the theory that gesturing and vocal language evolved together called?
Gestural Theory
53
What is the McGurk Effect?
When we see and hear conflicting syllables, we hear the syllable that we saw
54
What is the cocktail party effect?
We "hear" speech better when we see the speaker's lips
55
What percentage of speech is accompanied by gestures?
90%
56
What are the four necessary abilities for language development?
categorization, labeling categories, sequencing behavior, mimicry
57
What is sequencing behavior?
One of the four abilities necesary for language development. Left hemisphere helps order vocal movements used in speech. Can also sequence face, body, and arm/hand movements used to produce nonverbal language
58
What is mimicry?
One of the four abilities necesary for language development. Fosters language development→ infants prefer to listen to speech. Mirror neurons in the frontal cortex help children mimic sounds they hear.
59
What are the 3 types of aphasia?
Fluent Aphasia Nonfluent Aphasia Pure Aphasia
60
What did the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation studies show?
The if they were looking at the areas controlling motor movement, just thinking of the word hammer made the motor area light up
61
What type of aphasia causes deficits in classifying sounds or comprehending words? Word salad. Patient confuses phonetic characteristics
Wernicke's Aphasia | Sensory Aphasia; a type of fluent aphasia
62
What is fluent aphasia?
impairment in input or reception of language
63
Transcortical aphasia (isolation syndrome)
Can repeat and understand words, name objects. cannot speak spontaneously. Can repeat words, but cannot comprehend them.
64
What is the name of the aphasia in which the patient can speak, name objects, and understand speech but cannot repeat the words?
Conduction Aphasia A type of Fluent Aphasia
65
Anomic aphasia?
A fluid aphasia. can comprehend speech, produce meaningful speech, and can repeat speech. Great difficulty naming objects.
66
What is nonfluent aphasia?
impairment in producing speech
67
What type of aphasia is Broca's Aphasia?
Nonfluent Aphasia. can understand speech, but labors hard to produce speech. Can be mild or severe.
68
What is Transcortical Motor Aphasia?
good repetition, poor spontaneous production. Fluent aphasia
69
What type of aphasia has labored speech and poor comprehension?
Global aphasia
70
What is pure aphasia?
more selected, specific aphasia
71
What is the inability to read called?
Alexia
72
What is the inability to write called?
Agraphia
73
What is word deafness?
the inability to hear or repeat certain words.
74
What did Dronkers think about Fluent Aphasia?
Working memory and articulation impairment- Broca’s area damage.
75
What is top down processing
a cognitive process that initiates with our thoughts, which flow down to lower-level functions, such as the senses. Includes moving from general to more specific.
76
What is bottom up processing?
Processing starts at sensory input. Can be data driven.
77
What is the opposite of a conjuction search?
Feature search
78
What is a conjunction search?
Looking for 2 or more things in a search.
79
PCP and Ketamine
Agonists for Glutamate
80
Agonists for GABA. Increase transmition
Alcohol and Barbituates
81
GABA antagonists
Benzodiazapines
82
How many classes of drugs?
5? 6?
83
Blood Brain Barrier
stops things from getting into the brain
84
What does the hippocampus do?
It transfers short term to long term memory
85
Prefrontal Cortex
processing short term memories and retaining long term memories that are not task based.
86
parietal lobe
integrates sensory information
87
temporal lobe
Takes speech, vision, and smell in and pushes it up to parietal where it gets synthesized
88
Medial temporal lobe
inner part of the temporal lobe. Declarative and episodic memory.
89
What does the Amon Horn do?
Hippocampus- motor cells
90
Dentate Gyrus
Sensory cells in hippocampus
91
Parallel processing
broad scanning
92
Posner and Raichle
Attention system is anatomically separate from the sensory systems that process incoming information and produce behaviors Attention is not a single process but includes networks of distributed anatomical areas
93
Moran and Desimone
• Selective Attention- Cells respond selectively to info that is in their receptive field. Cells in V1 and TE did not show attentional effects.
94
damage to the insula
apraxis of speech
95
Deficits in sentence comprehension
damage to the superior temporal gyrus (Dronkers)
96
Repetition of speech-
damage to the arcuate fasciculus (Dronkers)

Biopsychology (1 decks)

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