Neuro Test 3 part 2 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Where does input to basal ganglia come from?
The cerebral cortex
Corticospinal Tract nerve fibers can communicate with what?
Corticospinal fibers give off collaterals to:
- Basal Ganglia
- Thalamus
- Reticular Formation
- Various Sensory Nuclei–i.e. posterior column nuclei.
Where do corticospinal tracts end? Or rather what other terminal targets?
Some synapse in the posterior horn–sensory.
Intermediate Grey matter–Autonomic
Anterior horn–motoneurons or interneurons
Therefore the corticospinal tract regulates information on ascending pathways, Regulates activity of motor neurons via interneurons in addition to directly synapsing on lower motor neurons.
What are corticobulbar fibers? What are the three structure types that they will synapse with?
Brainstem sensory relay nuclei
Reticular formation
Motor nuclei of cranial nerves for exampled facial nerve cranial nerve seven
What three structures make up the striatum?
Putamen
Caudate Nucleus
Nucleus Accumbens
What is the lentiform nucleus made of?
Putamen and Globus Pallidus
What is the definition of a motor unit?
A motor unit is a lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
Define upper motoneurons
Neurons whose axons descend to 1. the spinal cord or 2. cranial nerve motor nuclei to affect the activity of lower motor neurons.
Name the five nuclei of the basal ganglia
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic Nuclei
Describe the physical appearance of the striatum.
Name the three structures that make up the striatum.
Stripes of gray matter through this cerebral cortex.
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Described the parallel circuit pathway of the association cortex
Association Cortex…Caudate Nucleus…Internal Globus Pallidus…Thalamus…Association Cortex
Described the parallel circuits pathway of the sensory motor cortex
Sensory motor cortex…Putamen…External Globus Pallidus…Thalamus…Sensory Motor Cortex
Described the parallel circuit pathway of the limbic areas
Limbic area…Nucleus Accumbens…Ventral Pallidum…Thalamus…Limbic Areas.
What makes the cerebellum unique and special?
The cerebellum is known as the little brain. It contains as many neurons as the rest of the central nervous system. The cerebellum is anchored by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles. It is the great coordinator of muscle action. It does everything subconsciously to free the cerebral cortex for conscious perceptions and thoughts
15% of cortex is on the surface and 85% are fissures that fold on themselves…Gyri called folia.
In the direct and indirect circuit loop, is the path of D1 excitatory or inhibitory for the loop? What about D2? Which one is direct and which is indirect?
D1 is direct and is excitatory
D2 is indirect and is inhibitory
Describe the Direct Loop of the Cerebral Cortex. Include the 4 structures and the neurostransmitters GABA and Glutamate.
Cerebral Cortex...glutamate... Striatum...GABA... Globus Pallidus...GABA... Thalamus...Glutamate... Cerebral Cortex.
Describe the Indirect Loop of the Cerebral Cortex. Include the 4 structures and the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate.
Cerebral Cortex...Glutamate... Subthalamus...Glutamate... Globus Pallidus...GABA... Thalamus...Glutamate... Cerebral Cortex
What is the pathway of the group of neurons heading to or from the cerebellum from one of the middle peduncles?
Middle cerebellar peduncle is composed of crossed pontocerebellar fibers projecting from the pontine nuclei of the basal pons.
Delivers influences from the corticopontine tract.
What is the pathway of the group of neurons heading to or from the cerebellum from the superior cerebellar peduncle?
Contains fibers of the anterior spinocerebellar tract, which terminate in the anterior lobe.
There are Vestibular nuclei in the brainstem and it is connected to the cerebellum. Name some structures within this context.
Justarestiform
Fastigiobulbar fibers
Flocculonodular
Vestibulocerebellar
The middle cerebellar fibers for traveling from the basal ganglia into the cerebellum.
Pontocerebellar fibers
The superior cerebellar peduncle has what fibers traveling through it?
Spinocerebellar tract
What are the different types of output circuitry that come from the superior cerebellar peduncle.
What is the prefix that these output usually have?
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose.
Dentato-
dentatorubral, dentatothalamic, dentatoreticular
