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Neuro test1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex- higher intelligence, motor and sensory processing
Hippocampal formation- memory formation
Amygdala- autonomic coordination, hormone release and emotional response
basal ganglia- movement, cognition and emotional response

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2
Q

Diencephalon

A

Epithalamus- daily cyclical hormone release
Thalamus- sensory relay nucleus
Hypothalamus- autonomic coordination, hormone release and emotional response

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3
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain- visual and auditory processing

broad brain activation

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4
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and Cerebellum- motor and sensory functions, respiration and blood pressure

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5
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla- motor and sensory functions, respiration and blood pressure

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6
Q

Spinal cord

A

spinal cord- motor and sensory functions, autonomic functions

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7
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

divides left and right cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

Tentorium Cerebelli

A

passes superior to the cerebellum dividing it from the cerebral hemispheres. herniation can compress the midbrain

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9
Q

Sinuses

A

house venous drainage in cranial vault. formed in the space created when the meningeal layer of the dura departs the periosteal layer to form falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

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10
Q

Epidural hemorrhage

A

hemorrhage of middle meningeal artery(blood supply to the meninges) around the pterion. latency period of 4-8 hours

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11
Q

Subdural hemorrhage

A

produced by shearing bridging veins as they pass to the venous sinuses (immovable dura) from nervous tissue (movable cortex tissue). latency period of 10 hours or more

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12
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

arteries in the subarachnoid space that supply blood to the nervous tissue. via trauma or aneurysm. can be very quick or take longer depending on size of leakage

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13
Q

Areas in the frontal lobe

A
  1. primary motor cortex- initiate highly skilled movement
  2. premotor cortex- just rostral to pmc. more complicated movement involving multiple joints and body parts.
  3. supplementary motor cortex- planning of sequences of motions. on most dorsal aspect of frontal lobe.
  4. Frontal association area- rostral to premotor cortex. higher intelligence, ability to interact socially, appropriate emotional expression and complex motor planning
  5. Brocca’s area- anterior and caudal to frontal association area. left side motor commands for articulation of speech (motor aphasia) right side commands voice intonations
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14
Q

Areas in the parietal lobe

A
  1. primary somatosensory cortex aka post central gyrus. first cortical destination of all sensations from skin, muscles and joints on opposite side of the body
  2. visual association region- perception of spatial relationships and depth
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15
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex- on the borders of the calcerine sulcus. receives visual information form the eyes

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16
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex-on lateral surface of temporal lobe.
  2. Wernicke’s area- left side responsible for understanding and generating a meaningful collection of words. right side understanding and generating appropriate intonation for expressive speech.
  3. Arcuate fasciculus/bundle- connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area
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17
Q

Motor aphasia

A

Damage to Broca’s area (left side frontal lobe)
Symptoms: word finding difficulties and paraphasias(rare). telegraphic speech, inability to speak, agraphia.
No or little deficit in understanding language

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18
Q

Sensory aphasia

A

Damage to Wernicke’s area and angular gyrus (left side temporal lobe)
Symptoms: semantically inappropriate language, fluent aphasia, paraphasias, and agraphia.
Difficulty understanding spoken or written language

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19
Q

Transcortical aphasia

A

Damage to broad cortex to break communication betw Broca’s, Wernicke’s area and the rest of the cerebral cortex.
Symptoms:semantically inappropriate language, fluent aphasia, paraphasias, and agraphia.
Difficulty understanding spoken or written language
Patient may be able to recite previously memorized words. ex poem or song

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20
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Damage to arcuate fasciculus(axons connecting Brocas to Wernickes) on left side.
Symptoms:semantically inappropriate language, fluent aphasia, paraphasias, and agraphia.
Little to no deficit understanding language
Echolalic Speech- can repeat what has just been said to them

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21
Q

Limbic lobe

A

Telencephalonic structure that helps produce emotions, form new memories, and MOTIVATE one to perform a task

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22
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

Olfactory Nerve- from telencephalon

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23
Q

Ventricles

A

lumen of the neural tube filled with cerebrospinal fluid. two lateral ventricles, each has an anterior horn, body, posterior horn and inferior horn.

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24
Q

Anterior commissure

A

bundle of axons that enables communication betw left and right temporal lobes. passes dorsally to the rostral hypothalamus

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25
corpus callosum
bundle of axons found dorsal to the lateral ventricles which allow the left and right cerebral hemispheres to communicate.
26
Epithalamus
contains pineal gland and habenula. pineal gland produces neural hormone, melatonin. with diminishing light, the pineal gland produces more melatonin (circadian rhythms). habenula involved in cocaine abuse, drug induced psychoses
27
Thalamus
Major synaptic destination for sensory info ex somatic, visual and auditory. Contain medial and lateral geniculate nuclei.
28
Medial geniculate nucleus
destination for auditory info, located in thalamus
29
Lateral geniculate nucleus
destination for visual info, located in thalamus
30
Hypothalamus
1. Neurons that secrete peptide hormones directly into the bloodstream. 2. Neurons that control the anterior pituitary gland 3. Neurons that project to sites controlling the autonomic nervous system 4. Neurons that project to multiple areas of the telencephalon 5. Neurons that form the mamillary bodies that help with memory formation
31
Cranial Nerve II
From the diencephalon. The optic nerve carries visual info from the eyes and converge at the optic chiasm. Some fibers cross to the other side, the chiasm continues as the optic tract and ends at the lateral geniculate nucleus. Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus send their axons along the optic radiation to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes
32
Internal Capsule
bundle of axons carrying info to or from the cerebral cortex. carries ascending and descending neurons. three distinct parts. anterior limb, genu and posterior limb
33
Third ventricle
part of vebtricular system located in the dienchephalon. connected to the lateral ventricles via the right and left interventricular foramen.
34
Cranial nerve III
From the mesencephalon/midbrain. Occulomotor nerve innervates several muscles of the eye. the muscle that causes the pupil to constrict. unresponsive pupils are considered a sign of midbrain damage
35
Cerebral peduncles
pillars of the midbrain, carries descending motor commands to pyramids for oppo side body, and ascending somatosensory info from opposite side body to the synapses at thalamus.
36
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear Nerve, only cranial nerve that comes from dorsal aspect of midbrain. innervates a muscle of the eye
37
Superior colliculus
in mid brain rostral cross section, controls position of eyes on target of interest
38
Inferior Colliculus
in mid brain caudal cross section, relay nucleus for sound information, Sound pathway- Ear, cranial nerve 8(vestibulocochlear), INFERIOR Colliculus, medial geniculate, primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe
39
substantia nigra
in rostral and caudal midbrain crossection. collection of neurons that use dopamine, send axons to basal ganglia in telencephalon, cells die= Parkinsons disease
40
Occulomotor Nucleus/fibers
located in rostral midbrain cross section, give rise to cranial nerve III
41
Reticular formation
located throughout midbrain, pons and medulla. in midbrain and rostral pons- send axons to telencephalon and diencephalon broadly activating. important for arousal and concentration caudal pons and below- sends motor commands and autonomic functions ex blood pressure, heart rate...
42
Red Nucleus
located in rostral midbrain. works with cerebellum to produce smooth coordinated motion
43
Cerebral aqueduct
ventricular system continuation into the midbrain. connects the third ventricle to the 4th ventricle. can be occluded and cause hydrocephalus in children
44
Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle
in caudal midbrain, seal's mouth. | associated with cerebellum and smooth coordinated motion,
45
Trochlear Nucleus
seals nose, in caudal midbrain | axons form cranial nerve 4
46
Pontine Fibers
in the ventral pons(metencephalon). | work with cerebellum to produce smooth coordinated motion. receive info from CNS and transmit it to cerebellum
47
Cranial Nerve V
trigeminal nerve, located in the pons. carries touch, proprioception, pain and temp from skin of face from opposite side. motor component- muscles of mastication on same side of face
48
Cranial Nerve VI
abducens nerve, located in the pons, | motor- innverates lateral rectus muscle of eye on same side. damage will cause eye to drift medially
49
Cranial Nerve VII
facial nerve, located in pons. | motor- muscles of facial expression
50
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear n. in pons Sensory info from cochlea and vestibular system. cochlear portion goes to inferior colliculus in midbrain
51
Superior cerebellar peduncle
located in pons. help with smooth coordinated motion. | sends info up to the midbrain
52
Inferior and Middle cerebellar peduncle
located in pons, help with smooth coordinated motion | carry info to the cerebellum
53
Facial Colliculus
bump in the caudal dorsal pons created by the sweeping bundle of axons from the facial nerve
54
4th Ventricle
3 openings to communicate with subarachnoid space and circulates Median aperture- Megende 2 laterals- hushka
55
At caudal pons
1. Medial lemniscus only carries opposite side body info, no more face 2. Reticular formation changes functions
56
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Located from caudal pons through all medulla, transmits proprioception, pain and temp from same side face
57
Principle sensory and motor trigeminal nucleus
only at rostral pons two nuclei located next to each other. principle sensory nucleus recieves touch and proprioception from same side face and crosses to medial lemniscus, then ascend motor component innervates same side muscles of mastication
58
Ascending somatosensory medial lemniscus in caudal pons and below
only touch and proprioception from opposite side body. | face comes in at rostral pons
59
Pain and temp from face
enters from trigeminal nerve at rostral pons, descends through caudal pons and all three medulla cross sections, synapse on same side in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, cross to opposite anterolateral system then ascend,
60
Facial nucleus
located in caudal pons. immediately medial to spinal trigeminal nucleus. axons loop around abducens nucleus to make the facial colliculus, then exit pons to innervate muscles of facial expression Cranial nerve7
61
Abducens Nucleus
located in caudal pons near facial colliculus, axons go to innervate lateral rectus muscle of eye Cranial nerve6
62
Vestibular nucleus
located in caudal pons and rostral medulla. send axons to thalamus and cortex for perception of gravity Cranial nerve 8
63
Pyramids
located in all medulla cross sections | corticospino/bulbar axons destined to innervated structures in brain stem or spinal cord on opposite side
64
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal Nerve innervates muscles that move tongue. come off medulla
65
Olives
located in rostral medulla cross section | sends and indirectly receives information from cerebellum, helps with smooth coordinated motion
66
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve taste in toungue, and supplies salivary gland damage shows inability to taste and make saliva comes off medulla
67
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus nerve supplies preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to viscera and upper 2/3 of gut. motor innervation to muscles of larynx and pharynx comes off medulla
68
Cranial Nerve XI
Spinal accessory nerve motor innervation to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius comes off medulla
69
Nucleus ambiguous
located in rostral medulla medial to anterolateral system and superior to olives. (hard to actually see) motor neurons that contribute to axons of vagus nerve that go to pharynx and larynx
70
Hypoglossal nucleus
neurons that give axons to cranial nerve 12. located in rostral medulla. most superior and medial nucleus immediately medial to dorsal motor nucleus of vagus innervates tongue muscle on same side
71
Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
located in rostral medulla immediately lateral to hypoglossal nuclei neurons that give axons to cranial nerve 10. innervate preganglionic cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
72
Fasiculus Gracilis
located in mid and caudal medulla touch and proprioception from same side, lower extremity Cross to opposite side medial lemniscus via internal arcuate fibers at the middle medulla most superior and medial structure
73
Fasiculus Cuneatus
located in mid and caudal medulla touch and proprioception from same side, upper extremity Cross to opposite side medial lemniscus via internal arcuate fibers at the middle medulla immediately lateral to faciculus gracilis
74
Decussation of medial lemniscus
located at mid medulla cross section | somatosensory info crosses from internal arcuate fibers
75
Caudal Medulla cross section
NO Medial lemniscus | anterolateral system, mostly just body, small amount of face
76
Acessory nucleus
located in caudal medulla motor neurons that form cranial nerve 11, innervate sternocleido and trap located just medial to anterolateral system
77
Decussation of the pyramids
located in caudal medulla corticobulbar fibers exit medulla now, cortico spino fibers cross in the decussation and proceed into the spinal cord. will innervate opposite side of body. continue downwards in the lateral cortico spinal tract
78
Lateral Corticospino tract
located in caudal medulla | axons have crossed and will descend to their innervations

Neuro 1 (4 decks)

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