Neuro Vocabulary Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Axon
A
A projection of a nerve away from the cell body that conducts impulses
2
Q
Dendrite
A
An extension of the cell body that receives signals from other neurons
3
Q
Endoneurium
A
The innermost covering of a peripheral nerve that surrounds each individual axon
4
Q
Epineurium
A
The outermost of a peripheral nerve that surrounds the entire nerve and provides a buffer for the peripheral nerve
5
Q
Motor Unit
A
A single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
6
Q
Myelin
A
Proteins + lipids that form to create a sheath around particular nerves; increases conductivity of the nerve impulse
7
Q
Nerve conduction velocity
A
Measures the speed of a nerve impulse along the axon of a nerve
8
Q
Neurons
A
Nerve cells that receive and send signals to other nerve cells; comprised of a cell body, axon, and dendrites
9
Q
Nodes of Ranvier
A
Brief gaps of myelination of an axon; serves to facilitate rapid conduction of a nerve impulse via jumping from gap node to gap node
10
Q
Perineurium
A
The middle layer of covering surrounding the peripheral nerve that envelopes fascicles or groups of axons and maintains the blood brain barrier (BBB)
11
Q
Saltatory Conduction
A
An action potential moving along an axon in a jumping fashion from node to node; decreases the use of sodium-potassium pumps and increases speed of conduction
12
Q
Schwann Cells
A
Cells that cover the nerve fibers within the PNS and form the myelin sheath
13
Q
Barognosis
A
Perceive the weight of different objects in the hand
14
Q
Deep Pain
A
Squeeze the forearm or calf muscle
15
Q
Graphesthesia
A
ID a number or letter drawn on the skin without visual input
16
Q
Kinesthesia
A
ID direction and extent of movement of a joint or body part (ACTUALLY MOVING)
17
Q
Light Touch
A
Perceive touch through light pressure or use of a cotton all
18
Q
Localization
A
Ability to ID the exact location of light tough on the body using a verbal response or gesturing
19
Q
Stereogenesis
A
ID an object without sight
20
Q
Proprioception
A
ID a static position of an extremity or body part
21
Q
Akinesia
A
Inability to initiate movement; commonly see in Parkinson’s pts
22
Q
Asthenia
A
Generalized weakness, typically secondary to cerebellar pathology
23
Q
Ataxia
A
Inability to perform coordination movements
24
Q
Athetosis
A
A condition that presents with involuntary movements combined with instability of posture. Peripheral movements occur without central stability.
25
Bradykinesia
Movement that is very slow
26
Chorea
Movements that are sudden, random + involuntary
27
Clasp-knife Response
A form of resistance seen during ROM of a hypertonic joint where there is greatest resistance at the initiation of range that lessens with movement through the ROM
28
Clonus
A characteristic of an UMN lesion; involuntarily alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex
29
Cogwheel Rigidity
A form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality; often seen in Parkinson's
30
Dydiadikokinesia
inability to perform rapidly alternating movements
31
Dysmetria
Inability to control the range of movement and force of muscular activity (overshooting + undershooting)
32
Fasciculation
A muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of a LMN and its muscle fibers; suggests LMN disease, however can be benign
33
Dystonia
Closely related to athetosis, however there is large axial muscle involvement rather than appendicular muscles
34
Hemiballism
An involuntary and violent movement of a large body part
35
Lead Pipe Rigidity
A form of rigidity where there is uniform + constant resistance to ROM, often associated with lesions in the basal ganglia
36
Rigidity
A state of severe hypertonicity where a sustained muscle contraction does not allow for any movement at a specific joint
37
Tremor
Involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements secondary to basal ganglia lesion. Varied classification.
38
Carr + Shepherd Terminology: Closed Motor Skill
A skill that is performed under a stable + unchanging environment
39
Carr + Shepherd Terminology: Knowledge of Results
Providing the pt with external feedback regarding performance of task. Can include observations + objective data, can be positive or negative with the goal of influencing the learner
40
Carr + Shepherd Terminology: Open motor skill
A skill that is performed under a consistently changing environment
41
Carr + Shepherd Terminology: Transfer of learning
An action cannot be separated from the environment that is it performed in; pt must be able to transfer the skill or motor task into different environments
42
Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Faciliation
Technique utilized to elicit voluntary muscle contraction
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Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Inhibition
Technique utilized to decrease excessive tone or movement
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Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Key Points of Control
Specific handling of designated areas of the body (shoulder, pelvis, hand + foot), will influence + facilitate posture, alignment, + control
45
Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Placing
Act of moving an extremity into a position that the pt must hold against gravity
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Bobath (NDT) Terminology: Reflex Inhibiting Posture
Designated static positions that Bobath found to inhibit abnormal tonal influences + reflexes
47
Brunnstrom Terminology: Associated Reaction
Involuntary + automatic movement of a body part as a result of an intentional active or resistive movement in another body part
48
Brunnstrom Terminology: Homolateral Synkinesis
A flexion pattern of the involved UE facilitates flexion of the involved LE
49
Brunnstrom Terminology: Limb Synergies
A group of muscles that produce a predictable pattern of movement in flexion or extension patterns
50
Brunnstrom Terminology: Ramiste's Phenomenon
The involved LE will abduct or adduct with applied resistance to the UNinvolved LE in the same direction
51
Brunnstrom Terminology: Souques' Phenomenon
Raising the involved UE above 100 degrees with elbow extension will produce extension + abduction of the fingers
52
PNF Terminology: Chopping
A combination of bilat UE asymetrical patterns performed as a closed-chain activity
53
PNF Terminology: Developmental Sequence
A progression of motor skill acquisiton. The stages of motor control include mobility, stability, controlled mobility, and skill
54
PNF Terminology: Mass Movement Patterns
The hip, knee, + ankle move into flexion or extension simultaneously
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PNF Terminology: Overflow
Muscle activation of an involved extremity due to intense action of an uninvolved muscle/group of muscles
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Agnosia
Inability to interpret information
57
Agraphesthesia
Inability to recognize symbols, letters or numbers traced on the skin
58
Agraphia
Inability to write due to a lesion within the brain and is typically found in combination with aphasia
59
Alexia
Inability to read or comprehend due to damage to specific areas of the brain
60
Anosognosia
Denial or unawareness of one's illness, often associated with unilateral neglect
61
Aphasia
Inability to communicate or comprehend due to damage to specific areas of the brain
62
Apraxia
Inability to perform purposeful learned movements or activities even though there is no sensory or motor impairments that wound hinder completion of the task
63
Astereogenesis
Inability to recognize objects by the sense of touch
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Body Schema
Having an understanding of the body as a whole + the relationship of its parts as a whole
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Constructional Apraxia
Inability to reproduce geometric figures + designs. Pt often unable to visually analyze how to perform the task.
66
Decerebrate Rigidity
A characteristic of corticospinal lesion at the level of the brainstem that results in EXTENSION of the trunk + all extremeties
67
Decorticate Rigidity
A characteristics of a corticospinal lesion at the level of the diencephalon where the trunk + LE are position in extension + the UE's are position in flexion
68
Diplopia
Double vision
69
Dysarthria
Slurred or impaired speech due to motor deficit of the tongue or other muscles essential for speech
70
Dysphagia
Inability to properly swallow
71
Dysprosody
Impairment in the rhythm + inflection of speech
72
Emotional Lability
A characteristic of right hemisphere infarct where there is an inability to control emotions + outbursts of laughing or crying that are inconsistent with the situation
73
Fluent Aphasia
Characteristic of receptive aphasia where speech produces functional output regarding articulation, but lacks content + is typically dysprosodic using neologistic jargon
74
Hemiparesis
A condition of weakness on one side of the body
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Hemiplegia
A condition of paralysis on one side of the body
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Homonymous Hemianopsia
Loss of the right or left half of field of vision in BOTH eyes
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Ideational Apraxia
Inability to formulate an initial motor plan + sequence tasks where the proprioceptive input necessary for movement is impaired
78
Rood Terminology: Heavy Work
A method used to develop stability by performing an activity (work) against gravity or resistance. Heavy work focuses on the strengthening of postural muscles.
79
Rood Terminology: Light Work
A method used to develop controlled movement and skilled function by performing an activity (work) without resistance. Light work focuses on the extremities.
80
Rood Terminology: Key Patterns
A developmental sequence designed by Rood that directs pt's mobility recovery from synergy patterns through controlled movement.
81
Ideomotor Apraxia
A condition where a person plans a movement or task, but cannot volitionally perform it. Automatic movement may occur, however, pt cannot impose additional movement on commands.
82
Neologism
Substitution within a word that is so severe that it makes the word unrecognizable
83
Non-fluent aphasia
Characteristic of expressive aphasia where speech is non-functional, effortful, + contains paraphasias. Writing is also impaired.
84
Perseveration
State of repeatedly performing the same segment of a task or repeatedly saying the same word/phrase without purpose.
85
Synergy
Mass movement patterns that are primitive in nature and coupled with spasticity due to brain damage
86
Unilateral neglect
Inability to interpret stimuli and events on the contralateral side of a hemispheric lesion. Left-sided neglect is most common with a lesion to the right inferior parietal or right superior temporal lobes.
87
Paraphasias
Google: Speech disturbance resulting from brain damage in which words are jumbled and sentences meaningless.
88
Cauda Equina Injury
Injuries below the L1 level; considered to be a lower motor neuron lesion
89
Dermatome
Designated sensory areas based on spinal segment innervation
90
Head-hips relationship
A principle of mechanics used during mobility training with UE WB used as a fulcrum for activity. Head moves in the OPPOSITE direction from the hips.
91
Myelotomy
Surgical procedure that severs certain tracts within the spinal cord in order to decrease spasticity + improve function
92
Myotome
Designated motor areas based on spinal segment innervation
93
Neurectomy
Surgical removal of a segment of a nerve in order to decrease spasticity + improve function
94
Neurogenic nonreflexive bladder
The bladder is flaccid as a result of a cauda equina or conus medullaris lesion. Sacral reflex arc is damaged.
95
Neurogenic reflexive bladder
Bladder empties reflexively for a pt with injury ABOVE T12 level. Sacral reflex arc is intact.
96
Neurologic level
Lowest segment (most caudal) of the spinal cord with intact strength + sensation. Muscle groups at this level must be at least a 3 (fair).
97
Paradoxical breathing
A form of abnormal breathing that is common in tetraplegia where the abdomen rises + the chest is pulled inward during inspiration. On expiration the abdomen falls + the chest expands.
98
Paraplegia
Term used to describe injuries that occur at the level of the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine - UE NOT INVOLVED
99
Rhizotomy
Surgical resection of the sensory component of a spinal nerve in order to decrease spasticity + improve function
100
Sacral sparing
An incomplete lesion where some of the innermost tracts remain innervated. Characteristics include sensation of the saddle area, movement of the toe flexors, + rectal sphincter contraction
101
Spinal shock
Physiologic response that occurs 30-60min after trauma to the spinal cord that can last up to several weeks. Spinal shock presents with total flaccid paralysis + loss of all reflexes below the level of injury
102
Tenodesis
Pt with tetraplegia that do no possess motor control for grasp can utilize the tight finger flexors in combination with wrist extension to produce grasp
103
Tenotomy
Surgical release of a tendon in order to decrease spasticity + improve function
104
Tetraplegia (quadriplegia)
Injuries that occur at the level of the cervical spine - ALL EXTREMITIES INVOLVED
105
Zone of Preservation
Poor or trace motor or sensory function for up to 3 levels below the neurologic level of injury
106
Anterograde Memory
Inability to create NEW memory; usually the last to recover after coma; contributing factors: poor attention, distractibility, + impaired perception of stimulus
107
Post-traumatic Amnesia
Time between injury + when pt can recall recent events. Used as an indicator of the extent of damage.
108
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to remember events prior to the injury. May progressively decrease with recovery.
