Neuroanatomy 1+2

Question 1

what is the nervous system made up of?
1-3

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

what is the peripheral system made up of?
1-3

Answer 2

nerves

Question 3

what are the two groups that the peripheral is put into? explain what they do
1-3

Answer 3

efferent - controls the movement
afferent - controls the sensory (touch, pain, heat etc)

Question 4

what two systems make up the motor division?
1-3

Answer 4

somatic and autonomic

Question 5

what two sections are in the visceral division?
1-3

Answer 5

sympathetic - fight or flight
parasympathetic - rest and digest

Question 6

what are the 5 groups of nerves on the spinal cord?
1-4

Answer 6

cervical (1-8)
thoracic (1-12)
lumbar (1-5)
sacral (1-5)
coccygeal

Question 7

what is cauda equina?
1-5

Answer 7

spinal cord nerves look like horse tail

Question 8

how does cauda equina happen?
1-5

Answer 8

vertebrae grows faster than the spinal cord –> spinal nerves has to stretch instead of “just growing”

Question 9

what does the white and grey matter contain?
1-6

Answer 9

grey - cell body and dendrites
white - myelinated axons

Question 10

on grey matter: where are the afferent and efferent nuclei located?
1-6

Answer 10

sensory nuclei - dorsal horn (back)
motor nuclei - front horn (ventral)

Question 11

what can the sensory nerve synapse to in the spinal cord?
1-7

Answer 11

interneurons or directly onto motor neuron

Question 12

where are ascending tracks mostly found in the spinal cord?
1-9

Answer 12

dorsal
information form the brain

Question 13

what are the 6 subdivisions of the brain?
1-10

Answer 13

cerebrum
diencephalon
midbrain
pons
medulla
cerebellum

Question 14

what is the Mesencephalon also known as?
1-11

Answer 14

midbrain

Question 15

what is the main function for the mesencephalon?
1-11

Answer 15

relay station for auditory and visual information

Question 16

what splits the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?
1-13

Answer 16

vermis

Question 17

what is the upper part and lower part of the “little brain” called?
1-13

Answer 17

upper - anterior
lower - posterior

Question 19

what is ataxia?
1-14

Answer 19

problems with movement and co-ordination

Question 20

what are the effects of ataxia?
1-14

Answer 20

initiation tremors
speech problems
inability to judge distance
“drunken sailors gait”
etc

Question 21

what part of the brain is affected to produce ataxia?
1-14

Answer 21

cerebellum

Question 22

what are the 5 parts of the diencephalon?
1-15

Answer 22

thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland
anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 23

what is the main function of the thalamus?
1-16

Answer 23

emotional response to sensory information

Question 24

what is the main function of the hypothalamus?
1-16

Answer 24

centre for homeostasis and behavioural drives e.g arousal, appetite, body temp etc

Question 25

another name for the posterior pituitary 1-17

Answer 25

neurohypophesis

Question 26

another name for anterior pituitary 1-17

Answer 26

adenophypophesis

Question 27

what does the posterior pituitary do? 1-17

Answer 27

secretes signals to the anterior pituitary that are synthesised in hypothalamic nuclei

Question 28

what does the anterior pituitary do? 1-17

Answer 28

secrete hormones

Question 29

what is the function of the pineal gland? 1-17

Answer 29

secrete melatonin

Question 30

what are the 5 different lobes on the cerebrum? 1-18

Answer 30

frontal parietal temporal occipital insula

Question 31

what is Lissencephaly? 1-19

Answer 31

means smooth brain

Question 32

what causes Lissencephaly? 1-19

Answer 32

problems of migration to the cortex

Question 33

what is polymicrogyria? 1-19

Answer 33

there is too much fold of the brain

Question 34

what makes up the basal nuclei? 1-20

Answer 34

putamen globus pallidus caudate nuclei

Question 35

what is the lentiform nucleus? 1-20

Answer 35

the patumen and globus pallidum

Question 36

what is the main function of the basal nuclei? 1-20

Answer 36

controls voluntary movements

Question 37

what makes up the limbic system? 1-20

Answer 37

cingulate gyrus hippocampus amygdala

Question 38

what is the 2 functions of the limbic system? 1-20

Answer 38

emotional response learning memory

Question 39

what makes up the grey matter of the cerebrum? 1-20

Answer 39

basal nuclei limbic system cortex

Question 40

what are the 3 different tracts in the white matter of the brain? 1-21

Answer 40

association fibres projection fibres commissures

Question 41

what are the ascending and descending tracts called? 1-21

Answer 41

thalamocortical tracts - asending corticothalamic - descending

Question 42

what part of the brain do the ascending and descending tracts go through? 1-21

Answer 42

internal capsule

Question 43

what do association fibres do? 1-21

Answer 43

connect different part of the cortex together from the same side (left and right hemisphere)

Question 44

what do commissure fibres do? 1-21

Answer 44

connect one part of the brain to the other (left right//front back)

Question 45

what is the largest commissure? 1-21

Answer 45

corpus callosum

Question 46

what target receptor does parasympathetic system work on? 1-28

Answer 46

muscarinic receptors

Question 47

what target receptor does sympathetic system work on? 1-28

Answer 47

adrenergic receptors

Question 48

what are the three parts that make up the meninges in the brain? 2-3

Answer 48

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

Question 49

what are the two components of leptomeninges? 2-3

Answer 49

arachnoid mater pia mater

Question 50

what is a haemorrhage? 2-3

Answer 50

a loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel

Question 51

where are the 4 ventricles in the brain located? 2-5

Answer 51

cerebrum diencephalon pons/medulla

Question 52

where is CSF produced? 2-5

Answer 52

choroid plexus

Question 53

where does the CSF go through to get into the subarachnoid space? 2-6

Answer 53

4th ventricle (pons/medulla)

Question 54

how many times does the CSF replenish? 2-6

Answer 54

3 time a day

Question 55

what is hydrocephalus? 2-6

Answer 55

the buildup of fluid in ventricles

Question 56

types of glia cells in CNS 2-9

Answer 56

astrocytes oligodendrocytes ependymal microglia

Question 57

types of glia cells in PNS

Answer 57

Schwann cells satellite cells

Question 58

what are the different types of structural classification for neurons? 2-13

Answer 58

unipolar bipolar unipolar (pseudounipolar)

Question 59

what is the bundle of cell bodies called in the PNS

Answer 59

ganglia

Question 60

examples of some neuropeptides 2-17

Answer 60

substance P cholecystokinin (CCK) endorphines neuropeptides

Question 61

what are the most common types of synapses? 2-18

Answer 61

axondendritic and axosomatic

Question 62

what is the soma? 2-18

Answer 62

cell body (neuron)

Question 63

what kind of synapse is it called when it is on the axon? 2-18

Answer 63

axoaxonic (usually inhibition)

Question 64

what is the equivalent of oligodendrocytes in the PNS?> 2-27

Answer 64

shwann cells

Question 65

what is multiple sclerosis? 2-29

Answer 65

demyelinating disease (of Schwann and oligodendrocytes)