neuroanatomy

Question 1

the cerebrum is involved in high intellect what is the cerebellum used for

Answer 1

coordinating movements

diencephalon - connection box containing thalamus and hypothalamus

basal gnaglai - contains everything

Question 2

what is the role of the brainstem

Answer 2

sub-conscious functions

contains midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 3

Within brain= tact/fasciculus/lemniscus/peduncle
Outside brain = nerve

what do all these mean

Answer 3

bundles of axons

deep grey matter in thebrian is the basal ganglia

Question 4

how many spinal nerves are there

Answer 4

31

33 vertebrae

Question 5

what fissure separates the frontal and parietal lobe form the temporal lobe

Answer 5

The lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent features of the human brain. The lateral sulcus is a deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

the insular cortex lies bellow this

Question 6

what fissure separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Answer 6

Central (Rolandic) sulcus

Question 7

the midbrain and cerebrum looking like what animal of MRI imaging

Answer 7

hummingbird

Question 8

calcarine cortex

Answer 8

primary visual cortex

Question 9

what side of the Brain is speech dominant

Answer 9

left

Question 10

anterior cerebral artery controls the legs, middle cerebral artery control hands and face - what is the stroke pneumonic

Answer 10

FAST

posterior is eye -

Question 11

the superior sinus drains straight into the confluence of sinus the. the inferior sinus drains into the confluence of sinus whilst being met by the great cerebral viens into the straight sinus and then the confluence of sinus reaches the internal jugular vein how

Answer 11

down the transverse sinus into the sigmoid sinus then iJV

astrozenca linked with cerebra venous thrombosis

Question 12

the chord plexus makes the CSF in the lateral ventricles.

the lateral venticles connect to the third ventricle by what

Answer 12

foramina of munro

Question 13

the 3rd ventricle connects to the 4th ventricle by what

Answer 13

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

Question 14

the 4th ventricle connects to the central canal of the spinal cord via

Answer 14

foramina of Lusaka ( lateral) and foramina of magendie ( midline)

Question 15

what are two conditions that can arise due to blockage of the CSF circulation in the brain and spinal cord respectively

Answer 15

hydrocephalus

syringomelia

Question 16

the polio virus attack what horns of the grey matter of the spinal cord

Answer 16

anterior horns

sensory input enters the back and motor leaves the front

Question 17

pain and temperature is carried bu the spinothalmic tract that crosses where

Answer 17

spinal cord

Question 18

conscious proprioception and vibration is carried by the dorsal columns tract and crosses where

Answer 18

medulla

ends in somatosensory cortex of the thalamus

Question 19

light touch is carried by the spinothalamic tract as well however this crosses over in the medulla and and spinal cord –> what is the significance of this

Answer 19

injury to spinothalmic tract- light touch is last to go or is normally preserved in this injury

Question 20

unconscious proprioception is controlled by what tract

Answer 20

spinocerebellar tract

Question 21

the spinocerebellar tract goes straight to the cerebellum - does it ever cross over

Answer 21

no

this means if a lesion occurs it will affect the ipsilateral side

Question 22

the motor tract - corticospianl tract crossewhere

Answer 22

medulla

Question 23

quick cranial nerve revision

Answer 23

I – Smells
2 – Sees
3,4,6 – Move the eyes
3 also contstricts pupils, accommodates
5 – Chews and feels front of head
7 – moves face, tastes, salivates, cries
8 – hearing & balance
9 – tastes, salivates, swallows, monitors carotid body & sinus
10 – tastes, swallows, lifts palate, talks, controls thoracoabdominal viscera
11 – turns head, lifts shoulders
12 – moves tongue

Question 24

cranial nerve 2 nucleus

Answer 24

lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 25

the eye lid is controlled by the muscle leavator palpebral superiors what cranial nerve controls this

Answer 25

CN3 - ptosis

Question 26

the 3rd and 4th nuclei come from

Answer 26

midbrain

Question 27

6th nuclei is found

Answer 27

pons

Question 28

symptoms fo CN3 PALSY

Answer 28

dilation of the eye ( parasympathetic on the outside leading to only sympathetic innveration ) ptosis down and out

Question 29

when will the pupil accommodate light but no react to light

Answer 29

sphyilis CN3 react as other eye dilates but won't change pubil size of one eye

Question 30

what pathway joins the 3rd nerve and 6th nerve nuclei together

Answer 30

medial longitudinal fasiculus - allows eyes to move together ( conjugate movements )

Question 31

MS can affect the medial longitudinal pathway causing what

Answer 31

impaired adduction in one eye and horizontal nystagmus f the other adducting eye - this is called 1 1/2 syndrome

Question 32

CN5 cotrnolls what

Answer 32

muscles fo mastication and facial and oronasal sensation | service fro autonomic taste too

Question 33

where is the trigeminal nucleus

Answer 33

midbrain, pons and medula - cervicla cord

Question 34

CN7 control facial sensation- it moves face, tastes, salivates and cris - what is the nuclei for taste

Answer 34

nucleus solitarius

Question 35

facial palsy - difference between upper and lower motor neurone palsy

Answer 35

bells palsy - LMN - cut facial nerve - whole nerve palsy - droopy face nd dry eyes central seven - UMN - other brain - forehead spreading so can frown and raise eyebrows. - due to trigeminal nerve

Question 36

what nerve props the eye open ( opens eyelids )

Answer 36

3

Question 37

what nerve hooks the eye closed ( closes eyelids )

Answer 37

7

Question 38

cochlear nerve is involved in hearing - branch of 8 superior and inferior vestibular nerves to what

Answer 38

rotation - semicircular canals | linear accerleration - vertical ( sacule) and horiziontal ( utricle)

Question 39

CN9 controls tastes, salivates, swallows, monitors carotid body & sinus 10 – tastes, swallows, lifts palate, talks, controls thoracoabdominal viscera 11 – turns head, lifts shoulders 12 – moves tongue where are the nuclei found

Answer 39

medullary region

Question 40

where could CN 9-11 be compressed

Answer 40

at jugular foramen leading to imapried gag reflex (sen) , uvular drawn to normal side impaired gag reflex ( motto ) vocal cord palsy weakness of trapezius muscle

Question 41

CN12 PALSY

Answer 41

tongue deviates to ipsilateral side and is weak

Question 42

basal ganglia is involved in movement what is contained in the basal ganglia

Answer 42

Striatum (Caudate nucleus & Putamen) Globus pallidus (Lentiform nucleus = GP + putamen) Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra Parkinsonism (rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, shuffling gait) Chorea (sudden jerky purposeless movements) Athetosis (writhing movements) Hemiballismus (flailing movements of limbs)

Question 43

the cerebellum controls mvoemtn and coordination balance and equilibrium and muscle tone what does DANISH stand fro

Answer 43

``` Dysdiadochochinesis Ataxia Nystagmus Intention tremor Staccato / slurred speech Hypotonia - Floppy ```

Question 44

parasympathetic cranial nerves

Answer 44

3,7,9,10

Question 45

SX of horners syndrome

Answer 45

Miosis (pupil constriction) Ptosis (droopy lid) Anhydrosis (dry face)

Question 46

the limbic system contains these brain areas - what are the functions ``` hippocampus parahippocampus cingulate gyrus Amygdala nucleus accumbens Hypothalamus anterior nucleus of the thalamus ```

Answer 46

Emotion, Aspects of behaviour, Long-term memory Olfaction

Question 47

the limbic system is preferentially involved in what disease amygdala

Answer 47

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). Common symptoms include headaches, fevers, drowsiness, hyperactivity, and/or general weakness.