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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is grey matter?

A

neurone cell bodies anything that’s not myelinated

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2
Q

What is white matter?

A

Neurone axons that are myelinated

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3
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A

nuclei and ganglia

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4
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Funiculi/columns- in spinal cord consisting of fasciculi

fasciculi/tracts- axons of the same origin, destination and function

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5
Q

\What does the CNS develop from?

A

ectoderm

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6
Q

What is the embryological name for the forebrain?

A

prosencephalon

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7
Q

What is the embryological name for the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

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8
Q

What is the embryological name for the hindbrain?

A

rhombencephalon

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9
Q

What does the prosencephalon split into?

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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10
Q

What structures are part of the telencephalon?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • basal nuclei
  • hippocampus
  • lateral ventricles
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11
Q

What structures are part of the diencephalon?

A
  • third ventricle
  • interthalamic adhesion
  • hypothalamus and pituitary gland
  • thalamus
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12
Q

What are the basal nuclei?

A

grey matter of the telencephalon

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13
Q

What is the role of the basal nuclei?

A
  • control of voluntary movements
  • procedural learning
  • eye movements
  • cognition-mental processing
  • emotion
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14
Q

What structures are the basal nuclei made of?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen attached to globus pallidus which makes the lentiform nucleus
  • associated with the amygdala
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15
Q

What do lesions of the basal nuclei cause?

A

Dyskinesia and increased muscle tone

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16
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

relay information to and from the cerebral cortex
processes sensations
consciousness

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Autonomic control for homeostasis, sleep and behaviour

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18
Q

What happens when there are lesions of the diencephalon?

A
  • abnormal behaviour
  • total body hypalgesia
  • slow postural reactions
  • Depression
  • blindness
  • alterations in homeostasis
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19
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

for spatial awareness and memory
buried deep in the cerebral hemispheres
gives rise to axons forming the fornix
interlocking c shape

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20
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • Emotion, behaviour, memory, learning, personality

- Associated structures: hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, piriform plexus, hippocampus, septal nuclei

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21
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus?

A

-association track, cingulum, the cerebral cortex.

Found just above corpus callosum

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22
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • Allows hemispheres to communicate

- commissural fibres

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23
Q

What is the amygdala?

A
  • Processing and remembering emotions
  • integration of emotions and smells
  • deep to piriform plexus, associated with thalamus, almond shaped
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24
Q

What is the midbrains embryological origin?

A

-mesencephalon

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25
What are the three parts of the midbrain?
- tectum= roof - lumen= middle canal - tegmentum= floor
26
What are the features of the tectum?
- 4 swellings= colliculi- corpus quadrigemina | - hillock prominences
27
What are the features of the midbrain lumen?
- cerebral aqueduct= flow of CSF, - corresponds with 3rd and 4th ventricles - surrounded with periaqueductal grey= pain control
28
What are the features of the tegmentum?
- Trochlear CN IV= extraocular muscles - Parasympathetic nucleus - motor nucleus - Oculomotor CN III= extraocular muscles - Reticular formation- Maintenance of wakefulness- ARAS system - Red nucleus- the start of the rubrospinal tract- semiskilled postural movements - substantia nigra- dopaminergic nucleus - crus cerebri= efferents descending down the brainstem
29
What are the divisions of the hindbrain?
- metencephalon - myelencephalon - lumen
30
What makes up the metencephalon?
-pons and cerebellum
31
What makes up the myelencephalon?
-medulla
32
What makes up the midbrain lumen?
4th ventricle
33
What are the features of the Pons?
- bridge over tracts, dorsal region fibres travel through - trigeminal nerve nuclei - reticular formation- extrapyramidal reticulospinal tract, autonomic, ARAS, upper motor control of CV, Res, vomiting and swallowing - like a beer belly- corticospinal tracts
34
What are the features of the medulla?
- cranial nerves 6-12 arise from medulla. - reticular formation - medullary pyramids- corticospinal tract, voluntary movements, - olivary nucleus- pre-processes input for cerebellum, received from red nucleus, brainstem and cerebral cortex
35
What are the features of the cerebellum?
=little brain, highly folded and smaller than cerebrum - balance, posture, fine motor control, modifies intended movement - ipsilateral function= acts for same side of body - extensive motor and sensory inputs and outputs: motor cortex, red nucleus, rubrospinal tract
36
Parts of the cerebellum
3 lobes: rostral, [primary fissure] caudal (skilled movements), [caudolateral fissure] and flocculonodular lobe (balance) 2 hemispheres divided by the vermis connected to the brainstem via peduncles: 3 per side, rostral (midbrain), middle (pons) and caudal (medulla)
37
Cranial nerves
``` CNI: Olfactory CNII: optic CNIII: oculomotor CNIV: trochlear CNV: trigeminal CNVI: abducens CNVII: facial CNVIII: vestibulocochlear CNIX: glossopharyngeal CNX: Vagus CNXI: Accessory CNXII: Hyoglossal ```
38
Remembering the order of cranial nerves
on occasion our trusty truck acts funny very good vehicle any how
39
Remembering the sensory or motor CN
Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more
40
features of the spinal cord
- foramen- vertebral= through ventral column, where the spinal cord travels; intervertebral=spinal nerves out of the spinal cord - continuous with hindbrain - cervical and lumbar intumescence- large number of neurones - tapers to conus medullaris and becomes the cauda equina - vertebral column grows much faster than spinal cord and takes the spinal nerves with it
41
Blood supply of the brain: two main sources
- internal carotid via carotid canal | - vertebral arteries- unite to form the basilar artery
42
What does the rostral cerebral a. supply?
medial hemisphere
43
What does the middle cerebral a. supply?
lateral and ventral hemispheres
44
What does caudal cerebral a. supply?
occipital lobe
45
What is the main species difference with an Ox?
proximal 2/3rds of internal carotid is occluded by 18months, anastomoses between maxillary artery and internal carotid.
46
What are the features of the ARAS system?
- part of the reticular formation | - afferents received: proprioceptive, exteroceptive and interoceptive
47
Test for CNI: olfactory nerve
hiding treat in hand and seeing if animal can detect it
48
Test for CNII and CNIII: optical and oculomotor
shine a light into animals' eyes- looking for a direct and consensual response via parasympathetic fibres- sensory and motor pathways to coordinate a response
49
Test for CNII and VII: Optic and facial
menace response- strike an animals face- causes eyelids to close requires: - normal functioning eyes - an intact visual pathway and cortex - intact facial nerve
50
Test for CNIII, IV and VI: oculomotor, trochlear and abducens
functionally assessed together since they all control oculomotor muscles to maintain normal eye position abnormally positioned: strabismus= squint maintain gaze of fixed objects -assessing vestibulo-ocular reflex, swiftly move animals head in horizontal-dorsal plane
51
Test for CNVIII: vestibulocochlear
startle response: difficult to assess unilaterally
52
Test for CNIX and X: glossopharyngeal and vagus
- gag reflex, pharyngeal reflex, lolly stick or finger into throat
53
Test for CNXI: accessory nerve
neck muscle symmetry
54
Test for CNXII: hypoglossal Nerve
Symmetry of tongue , size and shape, touch and note response
55
Test for CNV and VII: trigeminal and Facial
Palpebral response: sensation around periocular skin- should blink Vibrissal response: whiskers should move
56
Test for CNV: trigeminal nerve
Corneal reflex: gently touch cornea
57
Which oculomotor muscles are controlled by the trochlear nerve?
-dorsal oblique
58
Which oculomotor muscles are controlled by the abducens nerve?
- lateral rectus | - retractor bulbi
59
Which oculomotor muscles are controlled by the oculomotor nerve?
- dorsal rectus - medial rectus - ventral oblique - ventral rectus
60
Connections of the vestibular nuclei
- thalamus> cerebral cortex - medial longitudinal fasciculus >> control of extrinsic eye muscles - vestibulospinal tract - medullary reticular formation

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