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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

2 types of nervous systems

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Major divisions of the central nervous system

A

Brain (encephalon)
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Pons
Medulla

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3
Q

What two parts is the forebrain made up of?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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4
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the head

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5
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

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6
Q

Grey matter

A

More complex
Contains neurones and processes and synapses

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7
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The grey matter surrounding the cerebrum is known as the cortex of the brain

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8
Q

White matter

A

White colour comes from myelin
Simpler
Composed of axons
Cabling of the brain- carries impulses across the brain

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9
Q

What are Association fibres?

A

a type of white matter tract that connects different areas in the same hemisphere

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10
Q

Types of association fibres

A

Short association fibres- carry info within a hemisphere
Long range association fibres- connect distant part of the cerebral cortex in the same side

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11
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Type of white matter tract that connect an area in one hemisphere with an area in the opposite hemisphere

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12
Q

Largest set of commissural fibres

A

Corpus callosum
This crosses between the two hemispheres- left and right

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13
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

are a type of white matter tract that connects the cortex with other areas in the CNS
They may be efferent (motor) or afferent tracts (sensory)
Carry fibres up/down

Eg corticospinal tract- carries motor signals from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

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14
Q

Main lobes of the forebrain

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Cerebellum
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe

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15
Q

What is the function of the pre central sulcus?

A

Location of Where the upper motor neurones control motor functions

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16
Q

What is the insula and operculum?

A

The operculum is the cortical structure which forms the lid over the insular cortex, overlapping it and covering it from external view

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17
Q

Functions of the insula and operula

A

disgust
emotion
homeostasis
perception
motor control
self-awareness
cognitive functioning (thinking/reasoning)
interpersonal experience

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18
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motor function, problem solving, memory, judgement, impulse control, higher cognitive function, language, executive function.

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19
Q

Motor cortex- homunculus

A

topographic representation of the body parts and its correspondents along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

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20
Q

Motor cortex- homunculus

A

Dedication of particular size of brain to body is determined by the complex movements of that part of the body
Eg; similar amount of brain dedicated to tongue as to the trunk (which is massive)

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21
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Semantic processing (the meaning and identity of things), memory, Language, primary auditory cortex
Facial recognition

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22
Q

Parietal lobes

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A

Somatosensory- pain and sense s
Dominant (usually left) perception, language and mathematics
Non dominant (usually right): visuospatial function

23
Q

Occipital lobes

24
Q

Where is the The neocortex

Study These Flashcards
A

The neocortex comprises the largest part of the cerebral cortex and makes up approximately half the volume of the human brain

25
6 layers of the neocortex
These layers have different functions These layers are differently distributed throughout the brain near to the pia mater, to the innermost layer VI – near to the underlying white matter
26
Functions of the neocortex
2- Input from other cortical areas 3- Projections to other cortical areas 4- Input from thalamus 5- Projects to brainstem and spinal cord 6- Projects to thalamus
27
Broca’s area
Largely associated with producing language
28
Wernickes area
Understanding language
29
Corpus callosum
Nips two sides of the brain together
30
Coverings of the brain
Slide 30 Dura matter is the covering of the brain and also acts as periosteum- the membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around most of your bones Arachnoid matter contains csf and is loosely attached Pia matter is closely attached
31
Dura matter
Slide 31
32
Arachnoid mater and arachnoid cisterns
Slide 32
33
Blood brain barrier’s 4 key elements
Endothelial cell tight junctions- lines blood vessels Lack of BM fenestrations Astrocytic end feet- support cells, envelope the CNS capillaries- extend upto and around blood vessels Pericytes- regulates blood-brain barrier permeability, blood flow and vascular immunity
34
Arterial territories
Slide 37-40
35
Superficial veins and sinuses
Veins drain into sinuses (these are large pool of venous blood) which are present in the channels between the 2 layers of dura
36
The vasculature of the spinal cord
42-44
37
Ependymal cells
Line the ventricles Ciliated cells- cilia beat regularly to move the Cerebrospinal fluid along
38
Choroid plexus
A network of blood vessels and cells in the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) of the brain. The blood vessels are covered by a thin layer of cells that make cerebrospinal fluid. These cells are ependymal cells
39
Interstitial fluid drainage
Interstitial fluid drains into the CSF via perivascular channels- gaps containing interstitial fluid that span between blood vessels and their host organ CSF drains via -Arachnoid granulations which allow allow the CSF to be drained into the superior sagittal sinus -Peripheral nerves to lymphatics (importantly the nasal mucosa lymphatics and deep cervical lymph nodes)
40
Limbic system and the Papez circuit
Includes: -Mammillary bodies -Fornix -Hippocampus -Cingulate gyrus -Cingulum- fibre bundle deep inside the cingulate gyrus -Thalamus -amygdala -basal ganglia All of these structures are connected in a circuit, which are important for memory, motivation, emotion and fight or flight
41
Amygdala- sits in front of hippocampus
Important for fight or flight
42
Hippocampus
Sits in medial temporal lobe Lay down memories rather than store them Vulnerable to hypoxic ischaemic chain, epilepsy Scarring of hippocampus can cause epilepsy Look on slide
43
The Diencephalon and internal capsule
The Diencephalon is the first set of structures above the midbrain that begin to split apart Ppt
44
Thalamus
Contains 3 main groups of nuclei: -sensory relays However smell bypasses the thalamus but others pass through -cerebellum and basal ganglia relays to motor frontal lobe connected to associative and limbic areas of cerebral cortex Damage causes loss of sensation, pain, or movement disorders Thalamus has a point of communication between other basal ganglia structures, cerebellum and parts of the motor frontal lobe
45
Thalamus connections
Thalamus projects to various parts of forebrain Lateral geniculate nucleus projects to the visual cortex of the brain and receives the first point of synapse of incoming data from the retina So the optic nerve projects to the lateral geniculate nucleus The medial geniculate nucleus projects onto the auditory cortex and serves a similar function Both of these communicate with the superior and inferior colloquially at the back of the midbrain Ventral lateral projections go to motor and somatic sensory cortex
46
Basal ganglia
a group of subcortical nuclei containing o Striatum: putamen and caudate nucleus o Globus pallidus- separated into GPe and GPi o Substantial nigra- pars compacta and pars reticulata responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions.
47
Caudate nucleus and putamen form the striatum
Striatum is important in initiating movement Dorsal striatum: caudate nucleus and putamen Ventral striatum: part of limbic system Receives a lot of dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra in the midbrain
48
2 broad circuits through the previously explained structures that are referred to as basal ganglia
Direct and indirect pathways- related to when to decide to do a movement Substantia nigra has an important role in directing this to happen
49
The hypothalamus
Sits on top of pituitary gland Main output is to pituitary gland which produces hormones that regulate homeostasis Slide 80
50
Substantia nigra pars compacta (output to the basal ganglia) releases dopamine which activates direct pathway of basal ganglia and inhibits indirect pathway
Activation of direct pathway allows for movement
51
Dopamine binds D1 and D2 receptors - D1 receptor: direct pathway activation, D2 receptor: indirect pathway inhibition
Whether direct pathway is activated or indirect pathway is inhibited is dependant on the whether D1 or D2 receptor on postsynaptic neurone
52
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
If you release GABA you inhibit, if you prevent release of GABA you activate
53
D1 receptors bind with dopamine activating the Direct pathway: movement initiated
- Cortex relays signals to striatum via glutamate (neurotransmitter) - Striatum releases GABA which inhibits globus pallidus (Gpi) from releasing GABA. This disinhibits the thalamus and allows for movement
54
D2 receptors bind to dopamine inhibiting the Indirect pathway: stops movement
Cortex relays signal to striatum via glutamate - Striatum releases GABA, inhibiting GPe from releasing GABA - This inhibits Subthalamic nucleus (type of basal ganglia) , which stimulates GABA release from GPi, inhibits the thalamus

Neurology (22 decks)

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