Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Cerebral asymmetry is normal in what parts of the brain?

Answer 1

anterior transverse temporal (Heschl’s) gyrus (part of the temporal lobe)

planum temporale

Question 2

Reduced planum temporale asymmetry is seen in what conditions?

Answer 2

dyslexia
stuttering
schizophrenia

Question 3

What are the features of frontal lobe dysfunction?

Answer 3

Contralateral hemiplegia, impaired problem solving, disinhibition, lack of initiative, Broca’s aphasia and agraphia (dominant), perseveration
anosmia
inability to generate a list

Question 4

What are the features of temporal lobe dysfunction?

Answer 4

Wernicke’s aphasia (dominant), homonymous upper quadrantanopia, auditory agnosia (non-dominant)

Question 5

What are the features of parietal lobe (NON DOMINANT) dysfunction?

Answer 5

Anosognosia, dressing apraxia, spatial neglect, constructional apraxia

Question 6

What are the features of parietal lobe (DOMINANT) dysfunction?

Answer 6

AKA Gerstmann’s syndrome
Finger agnosia - cant name fingers
Right left confusion
Acalculia - cant do simple math
Agraphia (without alexia) - inability to write spontaneously but is able to copy.

Question 7

What are the features of occipital lobe dysfunction?

Answer 7

homonymous hemianopia (with macula sparing)
cortical blindness
visual agnosia

Question 8

What are the features of a midline cerebellum lesion?

Answer 8

gait and truncal ataxia

Question 9

What are the features of a hemisphere lesion of the cerebellum?

Answer 9

intention tremor, past pointing, dysdiadokinesis, nystagmus

Question 10

Damage to the Medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus result in which conditions?

Answer 10

Wernicke and Korsakoff syndrome

Question 11

Damage to the mamillary bodies result in what symptoms?

Answer 11

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

Question 12

A patient with a brain lesion presents with apathy, reduced motivation and impaired self care. Where is the lesion most likely to be?

Answer 12

Dorsolateral frontal lobe.

Question 13

Damage to the Subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia result in what condision?

Answer 13

Hemibalism
- Repetitive, but constantly varying, large amplitude involuntary movements of the proximal parts of the limbs.

Question 14

Damage to the striatum (caudate nucleus) of the basal ganglia can result in what condition?

Answer 14

Huntington chorea

Question 15

Impairment of the substantial nigra of the basal ganglia is associated with what condition?

Answer 15

Parkinson’s disease

Question 16

Damage to the amygdala results in what syndrome?

Answer 16

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperphagia, visual agnosia)

Question 17

What cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?

Answer 17

Facial, vestibulocochlear.

Question 18

What are the afferent and efferent nerves associated with the below reflexes?
1) corneal
2) pupillary light
3)Gag
4)jaw jerk

Answer 18

1) ophthalmic (a), facial (e)
2)optic (a), oculomotor (e)
3) glossopharyngeal (a), vagal (e)
4) mandibular bith

Question 19

The angular gyrus is in which lobe? What is its function?

Answer 19

Parietal lobe
Language, mathematics and cognition

Question 20

Where is the cingulate gyrus located? What is its function?

Answer 20

Adjacent to the corpus callosum
Emotion, learning, and memory

Question 21

The fusiform gyrus is in which lobe? What is its function?

Answer 21

Temporal lobe
Face and body recognition, word and number recognition (visual)

Question 22

The Lingual gyrus is in which lobe? What is its function?

Answer 22

Occipital
Dreaming, word recognition (visual)

Question 23

A patient with a brain lesion presents with hyperphagia and obesity. Where is the lesion most likely to be?

Answer 23

ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 24

What symptoms are associated with Non dominant parietal lobe dysfunction?

Answer 24

anosognosia (lack of awareness of a disability or disease)
dressing apraxia (difficulty in getting dressed)
spatial neglect (lack of awareness of one side of the body)
constructional apraxia (inability to copy pictures or combine parts of something into a meaningful whole).

Question 25

What symptoms are associated with Bilateral posterior parietal / occipital lobe dysfunction?

Answer 25

Bilateral damage to the parieto-occipital lobes is rare but can result in a condition called Balint's syndrome. oculomotor apraxia (inability to voluntarily shift gaze despite the intact function of extraocular muscles) optic ataxia (disorder that affects the ability to interact with objects presented in the visual modality e.g. misreaching beyond a pencil when asked to touch it) simultanagnosia (the lack of ability to perceive more than a single object at a time. For example, when provided with a picture of a forest with trees, being unable to see the forest, although being able to see each individual tree)

Question 26

Neurosyphilis affects what spinal tract? Now does this effect sensation?

Answer 26

Tabes dorsalis - late consequence of syphilis resulting in demyelination. Dorsal columns Loss of proprioception and vibration sensation Nerve root pain.

Question 27

Match the following thalamic nuclein to their function (vision, hearing, motor, body sensation, facial sensation). 1) Lateral geniculate nucleus 2) Medial geniculate nucleus 3) Medial portion of the ventral posterior nucleus (VML) 4) Ventral anterior/lateral nuclei 5) Lateral portion of the ventral posterior nucleus

Answer 27

1) Lateral geniculate nucleus - vision 2) Medial geniculate nucleus - hearing 3) Medial portion of the ventral posterior nucleus (VML) - facial sensation 4) Ventral anterior/lateral nuclei - motor 5) Lateral portion of the ventral posterior nucleus - body sensation (touch, pain, proprioception, pressure, vibration)

Question 28

What are the symptoms of a Anterior cerebral artery stroke?

Answer 28

Contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss, lower extremity > upper

Question 29

What are the symptoms of a Middle cerebral artery stroke?

Answer 29

Contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss, upper extremity > lower Contralateral homonymous hemianopia Aphasia

Question 30

What are the symptoms of a Posterior cerebral artery stroke?

Answer 30

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing Visual agnosia

Question 31

A patient presents with a Ipsilateral CN III palsy and Contralateral weakness of upper and lower extremity. What vessel has been affected?

Answer 31

Weber's syndrome (branches of the posterior cerebral artery that supply the midbrain)

Question 32

What are the symptoms of a Posterior inferior cerebellar artery stroke?

Answer 32

AKA lateral medullary syndrome, Wallenberg syndrome. Ipsilateral: facial pain and temperature loss Contralateral: limb/torso pain and temperature loss Ataxia, nystagmus

Question 33

What are the symptoms of a Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (lateral pontine syndrome) stroke?

Answer 33

Symptoms are similar to Wallenberg's Ipsilateral: facial paralysis and deafness Wallenbergs: Ipsilateral: facial pain and temperature loss Contralateral: limb/torso pain and temperature loss Ataxia, nystagmus

Question 34

What are the symptoms of a basilar artery stroke?

Answer 34

Locked in syndrome

Question 35

What is the function of the Suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus? A lesion in this area might result in what symptoms?

Answer 35

Circadian rhythm Lesion → sleep-rhythm disorder

Question 36

What is the function of the Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus? A lesion in this area might result in what symptoms?

Answer 36

Produces oxytocin (parturition and milk let-down reflex), and ADH (fluid balance) Lesions → diabetes insipidus

Question 37

What is the function of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus? A lesion in this area might result in what symptoms?

Answer 37

Releases dopamine, GHRH to anterior pituitary, body-weight regulation (stimulates appetite and sensitive to leptin). Lesions → Galactorrhea and amenorrhea

Question 38

Body temperature is under the control of which hypothalamic nuclei?

Answer 38

mainly under control of preoptic, anterior and posterior nuclei which have temperature sensitive neurons as temp goes above 37ºC, warm senstive neurons are activataed which trigger parasympathetic activity to promote heat loss as temp goes below 37ºC, cold senstive neurons are activataed which trigger sympathetic activity to promote conservation of heat

Question 39

What does the amygdala do?

Answer 39

The amygdala is an olive shaped structure located medially in the anterior temporal lobe, above the hippocampal formation. It is a core part of the limbic system. Key role in processing emotion. Determines the emotional relevance of stimuli (e.g. fear and threat detection). Involved in consolidation of memories which have a strong emotional component The amygdala is involved in the fight flight response and also plays a role in the hypothalamic control of eating.

Question 40

What does the hippocampus do?

Answer 40

Part of the limbic system. Major role in memory. Early memory storage, formation of long-term memory, and spatial navigation