NEUROANATOMY Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the divisions of the nervous system
Describe the Peripheral NS
sensory and motor nerves, connects to and from the CNS
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves (in the brain)
Describe the difference between the Somatic and Autonomic NS
S: voluntary/conscious movements (skeletal muscles - biceps)
A: involuntary/automatic movements (cardial and smooth muscle - intestines)
Describe the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
P: decrease heart rate, constricts pupils
S: increase heart rate, dilate pupils…
Name the 3 main parts of the brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Explain the role of the cerebrum
left and right cerebral hemisphere
These hemispheres are crossed
Controls sensory/motor function on opposite side of the body
Symmetric brain is joined by a (300 million) bundle of nerve fibers ‘corpus callosum’
Left hemisphere controls speech – language dominant hemisphere
For the majority of people, the left hemisphere (right handed) dominant for motor control
Explain the role of the cerebellum
behind the brain stem (left and right) - smaller than the cerebrum
Procedural learning (previous)
Balance, co-ordination, posture and tone
Explain the role of the Brain stem
3 sections (top to bottom): Midbrain, pons and Medulla
Controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure
Protective reflexes (cough, sneeze, gag)
Consciousness and sleep wake cycle
What are the cells of the NS
Neurons: (nerve cells) – sensory, integrative and motor activities
Gllial cells: (support cells) - provides structural and metabolic support
What is the difference between grey matter and white matter
grey: cell body of neuron
white: nerve fiber (this colour is due to the fatty myelin sheath which insulates nerve fibres)
What is the Cerebral Cortex
a thin sheet of grey matter at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, which expands dramatically
What are the different sulcus
Central sulcus splits the frontal and parietal
Lateral sulcus splits frontal and temporal
What is the gateway to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus (linked to the third ventricle)
What is the amygdala sensitive to
Sensitive to emotion especially sensitive to stimuli that provoke anxiety/fear
What dies the internal anatomy of the cerebral hemisphere consist of
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala and Basal Ganglia
What are the different parts of the brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, hippocampus, fusiform gyrus, limbic lobe
What is the role of the limbic lobe
ring-shaped cortical region spanning the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
(involved in memory, emotion and sense of smell)
What is the role of the frontal lobe
40% of brain – personality, behaviour and intelligence
Motor and premotor areas
voluntary movements
speech and language production
Self-control and decision making
Planning and organisation
Prefrontal cortex – personality and behaviour (Phineas Gage) his personality really changed “intolerable to be around”
Plays role in goal directed behaviour – we manipulate other people to achieve our goals (social brain)
What is the role of the occipital lobe
Posterior lobes – entirely about vision
Contains visual cortex
Colour, movement, distance
Dorsal stream pathway (where)
Ventral stream pathway (what)
What is the role of the parietal lobe
Somatic sensation – touch, pain, temperature, pressure and vibration
Proprioception – sense of body location and movements
Visuospatial awareness (personal space)
Interaction/manipulation of objects (using a knife and fork)
Reading, writing and arithmetic
Damage to the right parietal lobe often causes neglect to the other side of the world (makeup only on one side of the face, read the one side of the newspaper)
What is the role of the temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
Speech and language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
Episodic memory and spatial navigation (hippocampus)
Visual perception (object recognition)
What is the role of the hippocampus
Part of the cerebral cortex, storage and retrieval of episodic memory
Discovered using HM – server epilepsy
Spatial navigation – Enlarged in London taxi drivers and Smaller in Alzheimers
What is the role of the fusiform gyrus
undersurface of the brain
Damage to the right FG can cause face blindness (all faces look the same)
Left Hem =
Right hem = facial recognition
