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YSM Semester 3 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify

A

A. Brainstem
B. Midbrain
C. Pons
D. Medulla

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2
Q

Identify. What is its function?

A

internal capsule
function: two-way transmission of information to and from the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

What are glia? What are the function of microglia?

A

glia - support cells for neurons

microglia - macrophages
- perform phagocytosis for neuroinflammation

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4
Q

Describe the macroglia. What are the functions of radial glia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal, and Schwann cells?

A

microglia - regulate neuroinformation

radial glia: guide neurons during neurodevelopment

astrocytes: homeostasis - regulate number of NTs + chemical environment

oligodendrocytes - make myelin in CNS

ependymal - line the ventricles + make CSF

Schwann cells - make myelin in PNS
- act as phagocytes

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5
Q

What macroglia make myelin? What cells make CSF?

A

myelin:
- CNS: oligodendrocytes
- PNS: Schwann cells

CSF: ependymal cells

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6
Q

How does myelin increase conduction?

A
  1. increases axon diameter (cable theory)
  2. insulation allows saltatory spread
    - AP hops down Nodes on Ranvier
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7
Q

What NTs are excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory?

A

excitatory: glutamate

inhibitory: GABA

modulatory:
- ACh
- DA
- 5HT
- NE

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8
Q

How do modulatory synapses work?

A
  1. AP reached synapse + depolarizes it
  2. Depolarization causes Ca channel to open
  3. Ca influx causes NT to be released
  4. post synaptic potential is generated
    - IPSP: prevents AP firing
    - EPSP: can sum to fire another AP
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9
Q

Identify the following

A

A. central sulcus - separates temporal/parietal + primary motor/somatosensory cortex

B. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
C. Primary motor cortex
D. Lateral fissure - separates temporal from parietal

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10
Q

Identify the following

A

A. cerebellum
B. occipital lobe
C. temporal lobe
D. parietal lobe
E. frontal lobe
F. LATERAL APERTURE OF THE 4TH VENTRICLE

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11
Q

Identify the following

A

A. PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS: separates parietal and occipital lobes
B. CALCARINE FISSURE: primary visual cortex
C. corpus callosum - allows hemispheres to communicate
D. thalamus
E. MIDBRAIN

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12
Q

Identify the following

A

A. optic chiasm
B. hypothalamus + 3rd ventricle
C. 4th ventricle

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13
Q

What do the telencephalon and diencephalon develop into

A

telencephalon
- cortex
- basal ganglia
- hippocampus

diencephalon:
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

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14
Q

What do the MESencephalon, METencephalon and MYElencephalon develop into?

A

MESencephalon: midbrain

METencephalon:
- pons
- cerebellum

MYEncephalon: medulla

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15
Q

Describe the flow of CSF in the brain ventricles

A

lateral ventricle
inter ventricular foramen: connects lateral to third
third ventricle

cerebral aqueduct: connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

4th ventricle - flows out via:
- lateral aperture: to subarachnoid
- central canal to spinal cord

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16
Q

What is a choroid plexus and what are its functions?

A

network of capillaries that line the ventricles
contain ependymal cells that create CSF
serves as barrier between the blood and the CSF

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17
Q

In the brain, what is white matter and gray matter?

A

gray matter - lines cortex
- cell bodies

white matter - center of brain
- myelin

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18
Q

Identify the following

A

A. Lateral horn
B. CAUDATE (basal ganglia)
C. PUTAMEN (basal ganglia)
D. INTERNAL CAPSULE: highway btw cortex + brainstem (white matter)

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19
Q

Identify the following

A

A. Caudate (basal ganglia)
B. Putamen (basal ganglia)
C. Globus Pallidus (basal ganglia)
D. infundibulum of pituitary
E. optic chiasm

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20
Q

Identify the following

A

A. 3rd ventricle
B. SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS (part of basal ganglia)
C. Substantia nigra (part of basal ganglia)
D. CEREBRAL peduncle (midbrain)
E. Hippocampus
F. continuation of the lateral ventricle

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21
Q

Identify the following

A

A. Medial geniculate - RELAY NUCLEUS of HEARING
B. Red nucleus (midbrain)
C. Pons
D. Lateral geniculate - RELAY NUCLEUS of VISION
E. Thalamus
D. Lateral ventricle
G. Corpus callosum

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22
Q

Identify the following

A

A. cerebral aqueduct: where CSF leaves brain
B. cerebellum
C. pyramids
D. pons
E. hippocampus
F. SUPERIOR COLLICULUS - midbrain - eye stimuli + attention

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23
Q

Identify the following

A

A. 4th ventricle
B. Medulla
C. lateral APERTURE of 4th ventricle: for CSF in subarachnoid

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24
Q

Identify the following. What do they supply?

A

A. MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY: lateral portion temporal lobes

B. Anterior cerebral artery: frontal lobe and medial part of the the brain

C. Internal carotid

D. Posterior cerebral artery: posterior + lower temporal lobe

E. Basilar artery
F. Vertebral artery

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25
Identify the following
A. Frontal bone B. Coronal suture C. Parietal bone D. Occipital bone E. Lambdoid suture F. SAGITTAL SUTURE
26
Identify the following
A. Sphenoid bone B. Spheno-frontal suture C. Spheno-parietal suture D. Spheno-SQUAMOSAL suture E. PARIETOMASTOID suture F. Occipito-MASTOID suture G. SQUAMOSAL suture
27
Identify the following. What is gray and what is white matter?
A. Lateral horn B. Lateral COLUMN C. Dorsal COLUMN D. Dorsal horn E. VENTRAL horn F. VENTRAL COLUMN Horns = gray - cell bodies of neurons Columns = white
28
Identify the following. What information to they send?
A. Doral root - afferent, sensory B. Spinal nerve - has dorsal and ventral ramus C. Ventral root - efferent, somatic motor
29
Describe the difference in white/gray matter between cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord
Cervical: large white and gray matter Thoracic: decrease in white matter Lumbar: increase in white matter, more round than cervical sacral: big white cookie
30
Describe the dorsal-medial lemniscus pathway for the upper extremity
first order neuron: sensory information goes to the dorsal root ganglion of spinal cord - enters the fasciculus CUNEATUS (lateral) of dorsal column (white matter) synapses at nucleus cuneatus in medulla = becomes second order neuron CROSSES MIDLINE OF MEDULLA goes up medial lemniscal tract on contralateral side synapses at ventral posterior lateral nucleus in thalamus becomes third order neuron - carried to somatosensory cortex
31
Describe the dorsal-medial lemniscus pathway for the lower extremity
sensory information via the fasciculus gracilis - only dorsal column in lumbar tract first order neuron: sensory information from dorsal root ganglion up through spinal cord second order neuron: synapses at medulla at nucleus gracilis CROSSES MIDLINE AT MEDULLA goes up medial lemniscal tract on contralateral side 3rd order neuron: synapse at ventral posterior lateral nucleus - at thalamus: send information to somatosensory cortex
32
Describe the anterolateral pathway
sensation of pain and temperature 1st order neurons: sensory information to dorsal root - synapses within dorsal root neuron 2nd order neuron: crosses midline at spinothalamic tract - continues up spinal cord on contralateral side to thalamus 3rd order neuron: synapses at thalamus, goes to somatosensory cortex
33
Describe the differences between the dorsal-medial lemniscal vs anterolateral pathway
dorsal-medial lemniscal pathway: - touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception - crosses at MEDULLA anterolateral pathway: - pain + temperature - crosses at spinal cord
34
Identify the following. What nerves travel through these structures?
A. Cribriform plate - Olfactory: CN I B. optic canal - Optic: CN II C. Superior occipital foramen - Oculomotor: CN III - Trochlear: CN IV - Trigeminal (Ophthalmic): CN V - Abducens: CN VI
35
Identify the following. What nerves travel through the structures?
A. Foramen rotunda - Trigeminal (Maxillary): CN V B. Foramen ovale - Trigeminal (Mandibular): CN V C. Internal Acoustic Meatus - Facial: CN VII - Vestibulocochlear (Audio) - CN III
36
Identify the following. What nerves travel through the structures?
A. Jugular foramen - Glossopharyngeal: CN IX - Vagus: CN X - Accessory: CN XI B. Hypoglossal canal - Hypoglossal: CN XII
37
Describe the following sensory receptors: free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings: sense pain, temperature, and crude touch - located in the skin - HIGH activation threshold Meissner's corpuscles: sense touch and dynamic pressure - located in glabrous skin (superficial) - encapsulated, rapid adaptation rate Pacinian corpuscle: sense deep pressure and vibration - located in sub tissue, interosseous membranes, viscera (think deep) - encapsulated, slow adaptation rate
38
Describe the following sensory receptors: Merkel disks, Ruffini corpuscles, and joint receptors
Merkel disk: touch and static pressure - located in all skin, hair follicles (superficial) - encapsulated, rapid adaptation rate Ruffini corpuscles: stretching of skin - located in all skin: deep - encapsulated, slow adaptation rate joint receptors: joint position - located in joints - minimally specialized, rapid adaptation rate
39
Describe the outer and middle ear
Outer: - pinna: funnels sound into unidirectional waves - auditory canal - tympanic membrane: separates outer from middle Middle: - malleus: connected to tympanic membrane and incus - incus: connected to malleus laterally and stapes medially - stapes: articulates with oval window - moves like piston to move OW in/out
40
Describe the middle ear. What is the oval and round window? Where would you hear different frequencies?
oval window: vibration for sound round window: pressure release movement of the basilar membrane of the middle ear it tonotopic (frequency dependent) - high frequency noises heard at base (narrow/stiff) - low frequency noises heart at apex (wide/floppy)
41
Describe the auditory pathway in the inner ear. What is the function of the Organ of Corti?
vibrations at the oval window cause the perilymph of the scala media and sympani to move - causes basilar membrane and Organ of Corti to move Organ of Corti: converts vibrations into electrochemical signals via stereocilia - hair cells bend and to allow K channels to open
42
How are sound waves transduced into action potentials?
via mechanically-gated K channels - cilia pushed in one direction opens mg-K channels - activated vg-Ca channels: released NTs - afferent fibers in the spiral-ganglion cells fire APs to go to the vestibulococholear n. (CN VIII) push cilia in opposite direction: closes the channels
43
Describe the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear. What kinds of acceleration does each portion detect?
semicircular canals: angular + rotational acceleration - filled with endolymph that moves when head moves - ampulla: ends of canal - contain cupula + stereocilia Utricle: linear (horizontal) acceleration - macula: contain hair cells; connected to CN VIII - respond to movement of otoconia: displaces hair cells Saccule: linear (vertical) acceleration - macula: contain hair cells; connected to CN VIII - responds to movement of otoconia: displaces hair cells
44
Describe how motion is detected by vestibular hair cells
High K in endolymph and normal levels in perilymph tip link on stereocilia: when short hairs are pushed into longer ones, the tip-link connects and opens K channels on next hair - depolarizes the hair cell and opens vg-Ca channels - releases glutamate into synapse = stimulates CN VIII from CN VIII - goes to medulla + synapses on vestibular nuclei - decussates and stimulates muscles to maintain balance
45
Describe the concept of phototransduction. What are the roles and locations of rods and cones?
phototransduction: turns light waves into signals that are sent to brain for processing Rods - light detection - more numerous - in the periphery Cones - color vision - concentrated near the fovea - adapts quickly to changes in light
46
Map the visual field
visual field: what can be seen by a single eye L and R have different visual fields - overlap = binocular vision Nasal half = closer to nose - image projected to the temporal retina Temporal half = closer to ear - image projected to nasal retina
47
Describe the pathway from the retina to the visual cortex
electrical signals from the rods + cones of the retina synapse with bipolar cells - synapse with ganglion cells that travel through the retina to create CN II CN II exits retina via optic disc crosses at optic chiasm synapses at the LATERAL geniculate nucleus of the thalamus travels to occipital lobe
48
Identify the following. What level of the brainstem is this?
A. Oculomotor nucleus B. CN III Midbrain
49
Identify the following. What level of the brainstem is this?
A. Trochlear nucleus (CN IV) lower midbrain
50
Identify the following. What level of the brainstem is this?
A. Facial nucleus (CN VII) B. Abducens nucleus (CN VI) Lower pons
51
Identify the following. What level of the brainstem is this?
A. CN XII B. CN X C. SPINAL NUCLEUS of CN V D. Hypoglossal nucleus E. VAGAL NUCLEUS Mid-medulla
52
Identify the following. What nerve supplies each muscle?
A. Superior oblique - 4 B. Superior Rectus - 3 C. Lateral Rectus - 6 D. Medial rectus - 3 E. Inferior rectus - 3 F. Inferior oblique - 3
53
Describe the function of CN III. What would damage to it look like?
Somatic motor - voluntary eye movement visceral motor - pupil dilation Orbit - muscles, ciliary body, iris Damage: - downward, outward gaze - dilated pupil (no accommodation) - ptosis
54
What muscle and nerve is not functioning properly in this photo?
affected eye turns upwards when looking medially R trochlear nerve (CN IV) - somatic motor: superior oblique muscle
55
What muscle and s
unable to abduct eye (cannot look laterally in affected eye) R abducens nerve (CN VI) - somatic motor: lateral rectus
56
Identify the following. What are the functions of the nerves?
A. trigeminal ganglion - CN V B. CN V1 - OPHTHALMIC - sensory: pain, touch, temp of eyelids and face C. CN V2 - Maxillary - sensory: pain, touch, temp middle face D. CN V3 - Mandibular - motor: mastication - sensory: touch, pain, temperature of lower face, mouth
57
Describe the role of CN VII
Facial nerve Motor: facial expression, close eyes Sensory: concha of external ear Special sensory: taste Visceral motor: salivary glands, mucousal glands, lacrimal glands
58
Describe the role of CN IX
Glossopharyngeal sensory: posterior tongue, pharynx, middle ear special sensory: taste visceral motor: stylopharyngeus muscle, parotid gland required for gag reflex and taste
59
Describe CN X
vagus nerve visceral sensory: larynx to colon, some taste buds somatic sensory: external acoustic meatus visceral motor - swallowing/talking - thoracic + abdominal organs damage: hoarseness, unable to gag, dysphagia
60
Describe CN XI
accessory voluntary motor: sternocleidomastoid + trapezius muscles damage = unable to turn head/drooping shoulder
61
Describe CN XII
hypoglossal voluntary motor: tongue damage: slurred speech and tongue deviation
62
Describe the cranial nerves necessary for the following reflexes: gag pupillary corneal blink
Gag: IX and X Pupillary: II and III Corneal blink: V and VII
63
Identify the following. What is it made of?
A. Tenrorum cerebelli B. Falx cereribri C. infundibulum A + B are made of dura
64
Identify the following. What are they for?
A. inferior sagittal sinus B. Superior sagittal sinus C. Straight sinus D. Confluence of the sinuses E. right transverse sinus F. sigmoid sinus g. cavernous sinus H. sigmoid sinus sinuses of the dura to drain blood from the brain
65
Identify the following
A. frontal sinus B. ethmoid sinus C. sphenoid sinus E comes before S ethmoid is more anterior
66
Identify the following
A. Cervical vertebra B. Thoracic vertebra C. Lumbar vertebra
67
Identify 9, 12, and 13
9. Trigeminal Nerve - Mandibular (V3) - going through foramen ovale 12. Trigeminal nerve - Maxillary (V2) - going through foramen rotundum 13. Trigeminal nerve - Ophthalmic (V1) - goes through superior orbital fissure
68
Identify the following. What goes through A and D?

YSM Semester 3 (3 decks)

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