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zLast minute NHB revision > neuroanatomy > Flashcards

neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

4 Midline structures in the brainstem

A

Motor pathway, medial lemniscus, Medial longitudinal fasciculus, motor nucleus (3,4,6 or 12; if it is a factor of 12 except 1 or 2, it is midline).

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2
Q

4 lateral structures in brainstem

A

Spinocerebellar pathway, spinothalamic pathway, sensory nucleus of V, (sympathetic pathway too)

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3
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei in medulla

A

9, 10, 11, 12. Only 12 is midline.

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4
Q

Cranial nerves in pons

A

5,6,7,8. Only 6 is medial

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5
Q

Cranial nerves above the pons

A

1, 2, 3 and 4. (3 and 4 are medial in the midbrain.)

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6
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Fibre bundle linking hemispheres

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7
Q

Anterior cerebral artery

A

Supplies medial aspects of sensory and motor cortical areas. Blockage causes paralysis and loss of cutaneous/proprioception of lower limb.

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8
Q

Middle cerebral artery

A

Supplies lateral and inferior cortical hemispheres; sensory cortex, motor cortex, internal capsule and basal ganglia. Blockage leads to paralysis and loss of cutaneous and proprioceptive sensation. Lower limb likely to be spared.

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9
Q

Posterior cerebral artery

A

Supplies occipital lobe, including V1.

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10
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Capillary bed enclosed in pia and ependyma. Found in Lateral ventricles, IIIrd and IVth ventricles.

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11
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Supply blood to the basilar artery. give off posterior inferior cerebral and spinal arteries.

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12
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

communicates between IIIrd and IVth ventricles

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13
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Becomes midbrain

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14
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Becomes pons and medulla; cerebellum develops on dorsal surface.

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15
Q

Central sulcus

A

Divides somatosensory and motor cortex

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16
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

divides temporal from the frontal and parietal cortex

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17
Q

IIIrd ventricle

A

associated with the thalamus and hypothalamus

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18
Q

Communication between lateral and IIIrd ventricles

A

Inter-ventricular foramen

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19
Q

Communication between IIIrd and IVth ventricles

A

via cerebral aqueduct

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20
Q

CSF in spinal cord

A

in central canal

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21
Q

Blockage of CSF flow leads to…

A

hydrocephalus.

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22
Q

CSF enters the subarachnoid space from the IVth ventricle via…

A

the foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka

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23
Q

Cisterna magna

A

Space between medulla and cerebellum.

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24
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

Tapped into in a lumbar puncture at level L3/4 or 4/5; between level L2 and upper sacral level.

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25
Q

Basilar artery branches

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar, pontine arteries and superior cerebellar arteries. Also posterior cerebral arteries

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26
Q

Calcarine sulcus

A

Medial aspect of occipital lobe; V1 found round this.

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27
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Brodmann’s area 17

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28
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Brodmann’s 1,2 and 3.

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29
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Brodmann’s area 4.

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30
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

Used to identify thrombosis, aneurysms or vascular blockage caused by tumours.

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31
Q

CAT

A

Computerised axial tomography; used to investigate tumours, haemorrhage and cerebral atrophy.

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32
Q

Nissl stains

A

Stain nuclei and cell bodies but not dendrites or axons.

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33
Q

Myelin stain

A

Used to examine white matter

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34
Q

Golgi stain

A

Picks out random cells; stains v. dark in entirety

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35
Q

Nociceptive afferents terminate

A

in dorsal horn

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36
Q

Crossing of nociceptive

A

Via ventral commissure within spinal cord

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37
Q

First proprioceptive/fine touch synapse

A

Gracile (lower limb) and cuneate (upper limb) nucleus

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38
Q

Spinothalamic pathway

A

Nociceptive. Enters spinal cord; synapses in dorsal horn. Crosses spinal cord, ascends contralaterally. Sends branches to reticular formation in medulla. Forms spinothalamic tract in pons - ‘spinal lemniscus’. Spinal lemniscus in midbrain. Synapses in thalamus, projects to cortex

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39
Q

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway

A

Enters spinal cord; ascends ipsilaterally.. Decussates in medulla; sensory decussation. Ascends in medial lemniscus. Synapses in thalamus, before projecting to the somatosensory cortex.

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40
Q

Interomediolateral nucleus

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons; axons to sympathetic chain. Thoracic only.

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41
Q

Clarke’s nucleus

A

proprioceptive relay cells from lower limb; only present in thoracic and upper lumbar. Roughly at medial side of base of dorsal horn.

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42
Q

Dorsolateral column

A

Descending motor form cortex

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43
Q

Anterolateral column

A

Ascending pain/temperature

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44
Q

Dorsal horn

A

local sensory processin

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45
Q

Ventral horn

A

Motor neurons

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46
Q

Ventral column

A

motor descending from brainstem.

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47
Q

Spinal nucleus of V

A

important for pain and temp of head and neck; prominent in medulla

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48
Q

Motor decussation

A

Decussation of descending motor fibres at border of medulla and spinal cord.

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49
Q

Sensory decussation in medulla

A

From gracile and cuneate nuclei to medial lemniscus.

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50
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

sensory info to cerebellum

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51
Q

Cerebral peduncles (midbrain)

A

Fibres descending from cortex to brainstem and spinal cord.

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52
Q

Tectum in midbrain

A

Superior and inferior colliculi; dorsal to aqueduct

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53
Q

Ventral nuclei of thalamus

A

somatosensory and motor co-ordination

54
Q

Internal capsule

A

Links cortex and thalamus; ascending and descending fibres. Between nuclei of basal ganglia. Contains efferent corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine fibres, and afferent thalamocortical fibres. Damage –> contralateral hemiparesis

55
Q

Lissauer’s tract

A

Part of spinal cord; carries short ascending or descending branches of nociception; jelly like appearance, part of substantia gelatinosa.

56
Q

Spinothalamic tract terminates

A

Mostly in thalamus. 3rd order neurons ascend in internal capsule.
Some 2nd order neurons also terminate in reticular formation

57
Q

Medial lemniscus in pons

A

flattens out to run over pontine nuclei.

58
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

spinal cord hemisection; ; ipsilateral loss of fine touch and proprioception, contralateral loss of pain and temperature.

59
Q

infarction of anterior cerebellar arteries in medulla

A

Loss of pain on contralateral body but not proprioception

60
Q

Unconscious proprioceptive pathways

A

Project to cerebellum as well as thalamus

61
Q

Motor corticospinal pathway

A

Motor cortex (rostral to central sulcus), internal capsule, cerebral peduncles on midbrain, through pons, medullary pyramids, motor decussation at lower medulla for crossed lateral corticospinal tract. Uncrossed descend in the ventral corticospinal tract.

62
Q

Stroke leads to

A

Contralateral paralysis and spasticity.

63
Q

Premotor and supplementary motor areas

A

Planning of movement

64
Q

Motor cortex cells

A

Some giant cells in layer V, few granule cells.

65
Q

Inferior olives

A

climbing fibre input to cerebellum

66
Q

Corticobulbar fibres

A

Run with corticospinal but destined fo the medulla; innervate motor nuclei of CN V, VII, IX, X and XII.

67
Q

Bilaterally innervated cranial nerves

A

V and XII; complete paralysis does not follow stroke as it does for lower facial muscles.

68
Q

Upper motorneuron damage

A

initially flaccid, then hyperreflexia, clonus and positive Babinski’s sign.

69
Q

Lower motorneuron damage

A

flaccid paralysis, muscular weakness, muscle wasting, areflexia.

70
Q

Vestibulospinal pathway

A

Arise from vestibular nuclei; acts on extensor limb muscles and maintains posture. Lateral vestibular nucleus important in balance; sends out lateral vestibulospinal tract.

71
Q

Reticulospinal pathway

A

From reticular formation. Important in posture and coordinated body movement.

72
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

From red nucleus. In man inputs are from motor cortex and cerebellar nuclei, and outputs are to inferior olivary nucleus

73
Q

Cerebellar inputs

A

Pons (via mossy fibres) and inferior olive (via climbing fibres); input carried by middle cerebellar peduncle.

74
Q

Cerebellar outputs

A

Carried from deep nuclei by superior cerebellar peduncle to thalamus (some red nucleus as well).

75
Q

Flocculus

A

Vestibular function; sends outputs to vestibular nuclei. Vestibular and facial nerves enter here.

76
Q

Lumbar puncture + high intracranial pressure –>

A

Coning, pressure on brainstem and sudden death.

77
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei

A

dentate nucleus, nucleus interpositus, and fastigial nucleus.

78
Q

Dentate nucleus

A

Receives inhibitory innervation from cerebellar cortex; looks like inferior olive but is in cerebellum, not medulla.

79
Q

Ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus

A

projects to primary motor cortex. Receives from cerebellum.

80
Q

Ventroanterior nucleus of thalamus

A

projects to premotor areas. Receives from cerebellum.

81
Q

Cerebellar cortex cells

A

Outer molecular layer; parallel fibres contacting purkinje cell dendrites - few cell bodies.
Purkinje cell layer - Purkinje cell bodies.
Granular layer - lots of small granule cells.

82
Q

Neostriatum

A

Caudate and putamen and globus pallidus. Nuclei separated by internal capsule.

83
Q

Sub. nigra divisions

A

Pars compacta; dopaminergic.

Pars reticulata; non-dopaminergic.

84
Q

Caudate and putamen input

A

Cerebral cortex esp prefrontal and sensorimotor, and sub nigra pars compacta

85
Q

Globus pallidus

A

iGP projects to ventral and medial thalamus (output pathway). ePG projects to subthalamic nucleus

86
Q

Degeneration of sub nigra pars compacta

A

Parkinson’s disease.

87
Q

Damage to caudate

A

Huntington’s disease.

88
Q

deep brain stimulation in parkinson’s

A

to subthalamic nucleus.

89
Q

Inferior colliculus sends brachium to…

A

the medial geniculate nucleus

90
Q

Path of cochlear nerve cells

A

Spiral ganglion send axons to the ventral and dorsal cochlear nucleus (either side of the inferior cerebellar peduncle) in the medulla –> superior olivary nucleus in the pons (bilaterally; binaural interaction. Will not be pinned), –> lateral lemniscus (bilaterally), –> inferior colliculus (midbrain), –> Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) –> auditory cortex.

91
Q

Vestibular nuclei

A

Lateral important in balance, superior projects to thalamus.

92
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

First order; olf. bulb. Second order neurons in olf. tract via olf stria to uncus and pyriform cortes and olfactory tubercle under anterior perforated substance.

93
Q

Site of entry for striate arteries

A

Anterior perforated substance. Supply internal capsule, susceptible to stroke.

94
Q

Hypothalamus and reticular formation in olfaction

A

Generates endocrine and autonomic responses.

95
Q

Olfactory tubercle pathway

A

projects onto thalamus, then insula and orbitofrontal cortex for perception

96
Q

Destination of optic tract

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

97
Q

Optic radiation

A

From thalamus to V1. Damage leads to upper quadrantanopia or scotoma.

98
Q

Minor projections of optic tract

A

to pretectal region in midbrain for pupillary light response,
to suprachiasmatic nucleus,
to superior colliculus.

99
Q

Optic tract damage

A

Homonymous hemianopia

100
Q

Optic chiasm damage

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

101
Q

Optic nerve damage

A

Monocular blindness.

102
Q

Oculogyric nuclei

A

III, IV and VI

103
Q

Co-ordination of oculogyric nuclei

A

By vestibular nuclei and superior colliculus via the MLF

104
Q

Damage to the MLF

A

Nystagmus, diplopia and defects in gaze control

105
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Reflex centre for overt attention. Also projects to tectospinal tract.

106
Q

Ventroposterior thalamus

A

Somatosensory relay. Associated with superior colliculus.

107
Q

Anterior nucleus of thalamus

A

projects to cingulate gyrus.

108
Q

Medial nucleus of thalamus

A

Cortico-thalamo-cortical relay to prefrontal cortex

109
Q

Pulvinar nucleus of thalamuse

A

Cortico-thalamo-cortical relay to temporo-parieto-occipital association cortex

110
Q

Cortical layers; layer 4

A

input from thalamus; inner granular layer. Thick in visual cortex.

111
Q

Cortical layers; layer 5

A

Output to subcortical structures; inner pyramidal layer. Enlarged in motor cortex.

112
Q

Cortical layers; layer 6

A

feedback to thalamus; multiform layer

113
Q

Cortical layers; layer 2 and 3

A

Project to other areas of cortex. Outer granular and outer pyramidal layers.

114
Q

Cortical layers; layer 1

A

Mostly fibres; molecular layer.

115
Q

Cingulate gyrus becomes…

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

116
Q

Cholinergic system

A

Learning and memory; associated with Alzheimers.

117
Q

Noradrenergic system

A

Attention. From locus coeruleus.

118
Q

Serotoninergic system

A

Emotional behaviour and OCD.

119
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex.

A

Above eyes. Emotional and social behaviour. Input from and output to cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus.

120
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

emotional and motivational behaviours; implicated in schizophrenia.

121
Q

Entorrhinal cortex projects to

A

Dentate gyrus of hippocampus and CA3.

122
Q

Dentate gyrus of hippocampus

A

projects via mossy fibres to CA3

123
Q

CA3 projects…

A

via Schaffer collaterals to CA1.

124
Q

CA1 projects to

A

Subiculum, and both project to hypothalamus via fimbria/fornix

125
Q

Amygdala position

A

Deep to uncus; above hippocampus.

126
Q

Damage to amygdala

A

Herpes Simplex and Urbach-Wiethe’s disease.

127
Q

Input to hippocampus

A

From entorrhinal cortex/parahippocampal gyrus. Mostly this is from sensory association areas.

128
Q

Output from hippocampus

A

fimbria-fornix to hypothalamus, mammillary bodies and nucleus accumbens.
Also back to entorrhinal cortex.

129
Q

Inputs to cingulate gyrus

A

Neocortex and thalamus

130
Q

Outputs of cingulate gyrus

A

Mostly to parahippocampal gyrus.

131
Q

Parts of parahippocampal gyrus

A

pyriform cortex (olfaction) and entorrhinal cortex (recognition).

zLast minute NHB revision (2 decks)

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