neuroanatomy Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
4 Midline structures in the brainstem
A
Motor pathway, medial lemniscus, Medial longitudinal fasciculus, motor nucleus (3,4,6 or 12; if it is a factor of 12 except 1 or 2, it is midline).
2
Q
4 lateral structures in brainstem
A
Spinocerebellar pathway, spinothalamic pathway, sensory nucleus of V, (sympathetic pathway too)
3
Q
Cranial nerve nuclei in medulla
A
9, 10, 11, 12. Only 12 is midline.
4
Q
Cranial nerves in pons
A
5,6,7,8. Only 6 is medial
5
Q
Cranial nerves above the pons
A
1, 2, 3 and 4. (3 and 4 are medial in the midbrain.)
6
Q
Corpus callosum
A
Fibre bundle linking hemispheres
7
Q
Anterior cerebral artery
A
Supplies medial aspects of sensory and motor cortical areas. Blockage causes paralysis and loss of cutaneous/proprioception of lower limb.
8
Q
Middle cerebral artery
A
Supplies lateral and inferior cortical hemispheres; sensory cortex, motor cortex, internal capsule and basal ganglia. Blockage leads to paralysis and loss of cutaneous and proprioceptive sensation. Lower limb likely to be spared.
9
Q
Posterior cerebral artery
A
Supplies occipital lobe, including V1.
10
Q
Choroid plexus
A
Capillary bed enclosed in pia and ependyma. Found in Lateral ventricles, IIIrd and IVth ventricles.
11
Q
Vertebral arteries
A
Supply blood to the basilar artery. give off posterior inferior cerebral and spinal arteries.
12
Q
Cerebral aqueduct
A
communicates between IIIrd and IVth ventricles
13
Q
Mesencephalon
A
Becomes midbrain
14
Q
Rhombencephalon
A
Becomes pons and medulla; cerebellum develops on dorsal surface.
15
Q
Central sulcus
A
Divides somatosensory and motor cortex
16
Q
Lateral sulcus
A
divides temporal from the frontal and parietal cortex
17
Q
IIIrd ventricle
A
associated with the thalamus and hypothalamus
18
Q
Communication between lateral and IIIrd ventricles
A
Inter-ventricular foramen
19
Q
Communication between IIIrd and IVth ventricles
A
via cerebral aqueduct
20
Q
CSF in spinal cord
A
in central canal
21
Q
Blockage of CSF flow leads to…
A
hydrocephalus.
22
Q
CSF enters the subarachnoid space from the IVth ventricle via…
A
the foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka
23
Q
Cisterna magna
A
Space between medulla and cerebellum.
24
Q
Lumbar cistern
A
Tapped into in a lumbar puncture at level L3/4 or 4/5; between level L2 and upper sacral level.
25
Basilar artery branches
Anterior inferior cerebellar, pontine arteries and superior cerebellar arteries. Also posterior cerebral arteries
26
Calcarine sulcus
Medial aspect of occipital lobe; V1 found round this.
27
Primary visual cortex
Brodmann's area 17
28
Primary somatosensory cortex
Brodmann's 1,2 and 3.
29
Primary motor cortex
Brodmann's area 4.
30
Cerebral angiography
Used to identify thrombosis, aneurysms or vascular blockage caused by tumours.
31
CAT
Computerised axial tomography; used to investigate tumours, haemorrhage and cerebral atrophy.
32
Nissl stains
Stain nuclei and cell bodies but not dendrites or axons.
33
Myelin stain
Used to examine white matter
34
Golgi stain
Picks out random cells; stains v. dark in entirety
35
Nociceptive afferents terminate
in dorsal horn
36
Crossing of nociceptive
Via ventral commissure within spinal cord
37
First proprioceptive/fine touch synapse
Gracile (lower limb) and cuneate (upper limb) nucleus
38
Spinothalamic pathway
Nociceptive. Enters spinal cord; synapses in dorsal horn. Crosses spinal cord, ascends contralaterally. Sends branches to reticular formation in medulla. Forms spinothalamic tract in pons - 'spinal lemniscus'. Spinal lemniscus in midbrain. Synapses in thalamus, projects to cortex
39
Dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway
Enters spinal cord; ascends ipsilaterally.. Decussates in medulla; sensory decussation. Ascends in medial lemniscus. Synapses in thalamus, before projecting to the somatosensory cortex.
40
Interomediolateral nucleus
sympathetic preganglionic neurons; axons to sympathetic chain. Thoracic only.
41
Clarke's nucleus
proprioceptive relay cells from lower limb; only present in thoracic and upper lumbar. Roughly at medial side of base of dorsal horn.
42
Dorsolateral column
Descending motor form cortex
43
Anterolateral column
Ascending pain/temperature
44
Dorsal horn
local sensory processin
45
Ventral horn
Motor neurons
46
Ventral column
motor descending from brainstem.
47
Spinal nucleus of V
important for pain and temp of head and neck; prominent in medulla
48
Motor decussation
Decussation of descending motor fibres at border of medulla and spinal cord.
49
Sensory decussation in medulla
From gracile and cuneate nuclei to medial lemniscus.
50
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
sensory info to cerebellum
51
Cerebral peduncles (midbrain)
Fibres descending from cortex to brainstem and spinal cord.
52
Tectum in midbrain
Superior and inferior colliculi; dorsal to aqueduct
53
Ventral nuclei of thalamus
somatosensory and motor co-ordination
54
Internal capsule
Links cortex and thalamus; ascending and descending fibres. Between nuclei of basal ganglia. Contains efferent corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine fibres, and afferent thalamocortical fibres. Damage --> contralateral hemiparesis
55
Lissauer's tract
Part of spinal cord; carries short ascending or descending branches of nociception; jelly like appearance, part of substantia gelatinosa.
56
Spinothalamic tract terminates
Mostly in thalamus. 3rd order neurons ascend in internal capsule.
Some 2nd order neurons also terminate in reticular formation
57
Medial lemniscus in pons
flattens out to run over pontine nuclei.
58
Brown-Sequard syndrome
spinal cord hemisection; ; ipsilateral loss of fine touch and proprioception, contralateral loss of pain and temperature.
59
infarction of anterior cerebellar arteries in medulla
Loss of pain on contralateral body but not proprioception
60
Unconscious proprioceptive pathways
Project to cerebellum as well as thalamus
61
Motor corticospinal pathway
Motor cortex (rostral to central sulcus), internal capsule, cerebral peduncles on midbrain, through pons, medullary pyramids, motor decussation at lower medulla for crossed lateral corticospinal tract. Uncrossed descend in the ventral corticospinal tract.
62
Stroke leads to
Contralateral paralysis and spasticity.
63
Premotor and supplementary motor areas
Planning of movement
64
Motor cortex cells
Some giant cells in layer V, few granule cells.
65
Inferior olives
climbing fibre input to cerebellum
66
Corticobulbar fibres
Run with corticospinal but destined fo the medulla; innervate motor nuclei of CN V, VII, IX, X and XII.
67
Bilaterally innervated cranial nerves
V and XII; complete paralysis does not follow stroke as it does for lower facial muscles.
68
Upper motorneuron damage
initially flaccid, then hyperreflexia, clonus and positive Babinski's sign.
69
Lower motorneuron damage
flaccid paralysis, muscular weakness, muscle wasting, areflexia.
70
Vestibulospinal pathway
Arise from vestibular nuclei; acts on extensor limb muscles and maintains posture. Lateral vestibular nucleus important in balance; sends out lateral vestibulospinal tract.
71
Reticulospinal pathway
From reticular formation. Important in posture and coordinated body movement.
72
Rubrospinal tract
From red nucleus. In man inputs are from motor cortex and cerebellar nuclei, and outputs are to inferior olivary nucleus
73
Cerebellar inputs
Pons (via mossy fibres) and inferior olive (via climbing fibres); input carried by middle cerebellar peduncle.
74
Cerebellar outputs
Carried from deep nuclei by superior cerebellar peduncle to thalamus (some red nucleus as well).
75
Flocculus
Vestibular function; sends outputs to vestibular nuclei. Vestibular and facial nerves enter here.
76
Lumbar puncture + high intracranial pressure -->
Coning, pressure on brainstem and sudden death.
77
Deep cerebellar nuclei
dentate nucleus, nucleus interpositus, and fastigial nucleus.
78
Dentate nucleus
Receives inhibitory innervation from cerebellar cortex; looks like inferior olive but is in cerebellum, not medulla.
79
Ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus
projects to primary motor cortex. Receives from cerebellum.
80
Ventroanterior nucleus of thalamus
projects to premotor areas. Receives from cerebellum.
81
Cerebellar cortex cells
Outer molecular layer; parallel fibres contacting purkinje cell dendrites - few cell bodies.
Purkinje cell layer - Purkinje cell bodies.
Granular layer - lots of small granule cells.
82
Neostriatum
Caudate and putamen and globus pallidus. Nuclei separated by internal capsule.
83
Sub. nigra divisions
Pars compacta; dopaminergic.
| Pars reticulata; non-dopaminergic.
84
Caudate and putamen input
Cerebral cortex esp prefrontal and sensorimotor, and sub nigra pars compacta
85
Globus pallidus
iGP projects to ventral and medial thalamus (output pathway). ePG projects to subthalamic nucleus
86
Degeneration of sub nigra pars compacta
Parkinson's disease.
87
Damage to caudate
Huntington's disease.
88
deep brain stimulation in parkinson's
to subthalamic nucleus.
89
Inferior colliculus sends brachium to...
the medial geniculate nucleus
90
Path of cochlear nerve cells
Spiral ganglion send axons to the ventral and dorsal cochlear nucleus (either side of the inferior cerebellar peduncle) in the medulla --> superior olivary nucleus in the pons (bilaterally; binaural interaction. Will not be pinned), --> lateral lemniscus (bilaterally), --> inferior colliculus (midbrain), --> Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) --> auditory cortex.
91
Vestibular nuclei
Lateral important in balance, superior projects to thalamus.
92
Olfactory pathway
First order; olf. bulb. Second order neurons in olf. tract via olf stria to uncus and pyriform cortes and olfactory tubercle under anterior perforated substance.
93
Site of entry for striate arteries
Anterior perforated substance. Supply internal capsule, susceptible to stroke.
94
Hypothalamus and reticular formation in olfaction
Generates endocrine and autonomic responses.
95
Olfactory tubercle pathway
projects onto thalamus, then insula and orbitofrontal cortex for perception
96
Destination of optic tract
Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
97
Optic radiation
From thalamus to V1. Damage leads to upper quadrantanopia or scotoma.
98
Minor projections of optic tract
to pretectal region in midbrain for pupillary light response,
to suprachiasmatic nucleus,
to superior colliculus.
99
Optic tract damage
Homonymous hemianopia
100
Optic chiasm damage
Bitemporal hemianopia
101
Optic nerve damage
Monocular blindness.
102
Oculogyric nuclei
III, IV and VI
103
Co-ordination of oculogyric nuclei
By vestibular nuclei and superior colliculus via the MLF
104
Damage to the MLF
Nystagmus, diplopia and defects in gaze control
105
Superior colliculus
Reflex centre for overt attention. Also projects to tectospinal tract.
106
Ventroposterior thalamus
Somatosensory relay. Associated with superior colliculus.
107
Anterior nucleus of thalamus
projects to cingulate gyrus.
108
Medial nucleus of thalamus
Cortico-thalamo-cortical relay to prefrontal cortex
109
Pulvinar nucleus of thalamuse
Cortico-thalamo-cortical relay to temporo-parieto-occipital association cortex
110
Cortical layers; layer 4
input from thalamus; inner granular layer. Thick in visual cortex.
111
Cortical layers; layer 5
Output to subcortical structures; inner pyramidal layer. Enlarged in motor cortex.
112
Cortical layers; layer 6
feedback to thalamus; multiform layer
113
Cortical layers; layer 2 and 3
Project to other areas of cortex. Outer granular and outer pyramidal layers.
114
Cortical layers; layer 1
Mostly fibres; molecular layer.
115
Cingulate gyrus becomes...
Parahippocampal gyrus
116
Cholinergic system
Learning and memory; associated with Alzheimers.
117
Noradrenergic system
Attention. From locus coeruleus.
118
Serotoninergic system
Emotional behaviour and OCD.
119
Orbitofrontal cortex.
Above eyes. Emotional and social behaviour. Input from and output to cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus.
120
Nucleus accumbens
emotional and motivational behaviours; implicated in schizophrenia.
121
Entorrhinal cortex projects to
Dentate gyrus of hippocampus and CA3.
122
Dentate gyrus of hippocampus
projects via mossy fibres to CA3
123
CA3 projects...
via Schaffer collaterals to CA1.
124
CA1 projects to
Subiculum, and both project to hypothalamus via fimbria/fornix
125
Amygdala position
Deep to uncus; above hippocampus.
126
Damage to amygdala
Herpes Simplex and Urbach-Wiethe's disease.
127
Input to hippocampus
From entorrhinal cortex/parahippocampal gyrus. Mostly this is from sensory association areas.
128
Output from hippocampus
fimbria-fornix to hypothalamus, mammillary bodies and nucleus accumbens.
Also back to entorrhinal cortex.
129
Inputs to cingulate gyrus
Neocortex and thalamus
130
Outputs of cingulate gyrus
Mostly to parahippocampal gyrus.
131
Parts of parahippocampal gyrus
pyriform cortex (olfaction) and entorrhinal cortex (recognition).
