neuroanatomy 5 Flashcards
(22 cards)
what makes up the auditory ossciles of the middle ear
malleus, incus, staples
in the auditory cortex, where do fibres carrying low frequency sound end
anterolateral part of teh auditory cortex
in the auditory cortex, where do fibres carrying high frequency sound end
posteromedial part of the auditory cortex
where is the auditory cortex located
located on the superior temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe
where is broccas area
located in the frontal part of the left hemisphere of the brain
what does damage to Broccas area cause
difficulty producing language, often using few words and only saying the important words in the sentence. they wont have difficulty comprehending language.
termed broca’s, motor or expressive aphasia
where is wernickes area
classically located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the (most commonly) left cerebral hemisphere. This area encircles the auditory cortex on the lateral sulcus
what does damage to wernickes area cause
difficulty comprehending language. patients can manifest defects ranging from words out of order to meaningless words.
termed: wernickes, sensory or receptive aphasia
summary of vestibular pathway
there are 4 vestibular nuclei on each side of the brainstem: superior, medial, lateral and inferior (also called descending)
they all receive input from both the semicircular canals and the otolith organs
they all project to all pathways. the primary sensory pathway from the vestibular nuclei (particularly the superior and lateral) to the VP nucleus of the thalamus and then to cortex
where is the visual cortex
posterior part of occipital lobe
where do the optic tracts synapse
lateral genticulate nucleus
where is the lower visual field projected to
the gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus
where is the upper visual field projected to
the gyrus inferior to the clacarine sulcus
wgere does the macula project to
posterior pole of the visual cortex
another name for optic radiation and what is it
geniculocalcarine tract. is part of the visual pathway, forming the connection between the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex
what is meyers loop
The anterior bundle (Meyer’s loop) travels anterolaterally along the roof the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle prior to taking a sharp turn anteroinferiorly around the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. The anterior bundle then tracks backwards, deep to the superior and middle gyri of the temporal lobe, remaining lateral to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. The anterior bundle synapses in the anteroinferior border of the calcarine sulcus.
what can damage to meyers loop on the left side result in
right superior quadrantanopia
what causes consensual pupillary reflex
pretectal fibres project bilaterally to edinger-westphal nucleus
what does the accommodation reflex need to input info to
edinger westphal nucleus and visual cortex (contrast to pupillary reflex)
what are association fibres
white matter tract. they connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere
what are commissural fibres
white matter tract. connect one hemisphere to the other, usually connecting areas with similar function
what are projection fibres
white matter tract. connect hemispheres to deeper structures including thalamus, corpus striatum, brain stem and spinal cord
