Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
What is a folium (plural folia)?
A
The bumps found in the cerebellum - equivalent to a gyrus in the cerebral hemispheres
2
Q
What is a sulcus?
A
The dips in the architecture of the cerebral hemispheres
3
Q
What is a gyrus?
A
The bumps in the architecture of the cerebral hemispheres
4
Q
What is the point where the two thalami touch at the midline called?
A
The interthalamic adhesion - not a communication point, just contact
5
Q
What is the name of the white matter tract which is the largest communication from one side of the brain to the other?
A
The corpus callosum
6
Q
What is the cerebral aqueduct?
A
Connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
7
Q
The 3 structures that make up the brainstem
A
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
8
Q
What happens within the axon hillock?
A
Part of the neurone cell where info enters and is processed
9
Q
Name the star-shaped glial cells and what are their roles?
A
Astrocytes
Role in support
Maintain the blood-brain barrier
Environmental homeostasis
10
Q
What role do oligodendrocytes have in the CNS?
A
They produce the myelin sheath
11
Q
What are microglia?
A
They are antigen presenting/phagocytic cells that are found in the CNS
12
Q
Where are ependymal cells found in the CNS?
A
They line the ventricles in the CNS but do don’t form a barrier between the CSF and the brain
13
Q
What structure separates the two thalami?
A
The 3rd ventricle
14
Q
Name the fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres
A
The longitudinal fissure
15
Q
Where is the pineal gland found?
A
Posterior to the third ventricle
16
Q
Where can the central sulcus of the brain be found?
A
Separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain
17
Q
Where can the lateral sulcus of the brain be found?
A
Separates the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain
18
Q
Where can the parieto-occipital sulcus of the brain be found?
A
Separating the parietal and occipital lobe
19
Q
What are the three layers of the meninges?
A
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater (subarachnoid space)
Pia mater
20
Q
How many paired spinal nerves are there?
A
31
21
Q
At which levels does the spinal cord enlarge?
A
Cervical - to supply upper limb
Lumbar - to supply lower limb
22
Q
What is the name of the tapered cone-shape where the spinal cord terminates?
A
The conus medullaris
23
Q
What is the thin continuation of the conus medullaris called that is made up of connective tissue?
A
The filum terminale
24
Q
How is the spinal cord held within the spinal canal?
A
Via the denticulate ligament - it is formed from pial and arachnoid tissue and attaches to the dura at point along the length of the cord.
25
Name the 4 parts of the grey matter within the spinal cord
The left and right posterior and anterior horns
26
Spinal segments T1 to L2 have lateral horns - what do these contain?
The preganglionic sympathetic neurones
27
Where is the primary somatosensory area of the brain?
In the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
28
How many neurones are involved in the dorsal column pathway?
3
29
What is the dorsal column responsible for?
Carries fine touch and conscious proprioception sensations from the body to the sensory cortex of the brain
30
At which point do neurones within the dorsal column cross over to the contralateral side?
After synapsing within the medulla they cross over to join the white matter tract known as the medial leminscus
31
Where do neurones travelling up the dorsal column from the lower limb synapse?
Within the nucleus gracilis (graceful) within the medulla
32
Where do neurones travelling up the dorsal column from the upper limb synapse?
Within the nucleus cuneaus (more lateral) within the medulla
33
Where does crossing occur in the spinothalamic tract?
At the segmental level
34
How many neurones are involved in the spinothalamic tract?
3
35
What modality does the spinothalamic tract carry?
Pain, deep pressure and temperature
36
Where within the brain is the primary motor cortex found?
In the precentral gyrus within the frontal lobe of the brain
37
What is the corticospinal tract responsible for?
Fine, precise movement (esp. digits)
38
At what point does the corticospinal tract cross over?
85% cross over at the medulla to form the lateral CST
| Uncrossed fibres form the ventral CST and cross segmentally
39
What is the tectospinal tract responsible for?
Thought to mediate reflex head and neck movement due to audio and visual stimuli
40
Name the three lobes of the cerebellum
Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular
41
Name the structure that separates the anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum
The primary fissure
42
How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?
```
Via 3 peduncles:
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
(All made up of white matter)
```
43
Name the three layers of the cerebellar cortex
```
Molecular layer (outer)
Purkinje cell layer (middle)
Granular layer (inner)
```
44
What side of the body does the right side of the cerebellum control?
The right side - i.e. the ipsilateral side
45
What symptoms would a midline lesion of the cerebellum cause?
Disturbance of postural control. Patient will fall over and when standing or sitting but will have preserved limb coordination
46
What symptoms would a unilateral hemispheric lesion of the cerebellum cause?
Disturbance of coordination of the limbs - intention tremor, unsteady gait
47
What symptoms would bilateral cerebellar dysfunction present with?
Slowed, slurred speech (dysarthria), bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering, wide based gait (cerebellar ataxia)
48
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Facilitate purposeful movement
inhibit unwanted movements
Role in posture and muscle tone
49
Where is the basal ganglia located?
grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere
50
What is the basal ganglia made up of?
```
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
```
51
What structures make up the lenticular nucleus?
Putamen
| Globus pallidus
52
What structures make up the Striatum?
Caudate nucleus
| Putamen
53
What structures make up the corpus striatum?
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
54
Which structure within the brain is shaped like a ram's horn?
The caudate nucleus
55
What is function of the substantia nigra? Loss of these neurones is seen in which condition?
Produces dopamine
| Loss of these neurones seen in Parkinson's
56
Where is the substania nigra located?
in the midbrain
57
Unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect which side of the body?
The contralateral side
58
Lesions in the basal ganglia would give what symptoms?
Changes in muscle tone
| Dyskinesias: tremor, chorea, myoclonus
59
What pathology is involved in Huntington's Disease?
Progressive breakdown of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex - affects the indirect pathway (not dampening down the cortex as it should)
60
Name the twelve cranial nerves
```
I = Olfactory
II = Optic
III = Oculomotor
IV = Trochlear
V = Trigeminal
VI = Abducens
VII = Facial
VIII = Vestibulocochlear
IX = Glossopharyngeal
X = Vagus
XI = Accessory
XII = Hypoglossal
```
61
Which sensory modality is the only one not to synapse in the thalamus before reaching the cortex?
Smell - i.e. the olfactory nerve
62
What is a ganglion?
A nerve cell body in the PNS
63
Which cranial nerves attach from the forebrain?
CN I and II
64
Cranial nerves III and IV form attachments to what part of the brain?
The midbrain
65
Where does the trigeminal nerve form its attachments?
The pons
66
Which cranial nerves attach at the junction of the pons and the medulla?
CN VI, VII, and VIII
67
Where do cranial nerves IX, X and XII attach?
The medulla
68
Which cranial nerve attaches to the spinal cord?
CN XI
69
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?
8 pairs
70
How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves are there?
12 pairs
71
How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?
5 pairs
72
How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves are there?
5 pairs
73
How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
1 pair
74
What is a nerve plexus?
A network of intertwined anterior rami
75
Which anterior rami is the cervical plexus made up of?
C1-C4
76
Which anterior rami is the brachial plexus made up of?
C5-T1
77
Which anterior rami is the lumbar plexus made up of?
L1-L4
78
Which anterior rami is the sacral plexus made up of?
L5-S4
79
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior ramus of that spinal nerve
80
What is a myotome?
The skeletal muscle supplied with motor innervation by both the anterior and posterior ramus of that spina nerve.
81
At what level do the sympathetic fibres leave the spinal cord?
T1-L2
| But travel to sympathetic chains running the length of the vertebral column and pass into all spinal nerves
82
Through which root does the sympathetic outflow leave the spinal cord?
The anterior root
83
Through which root do all the motor axons leave the spinal cord?
Pass from the anterior horn to the anterior root before entering the spinal nerve
84
Through which root do all the sensory axons enter the spinal cord?
Pass from the spinal nerve into the posterior root then into the posterior horn of the spinal cord.
85
Which nerves carry the presynaptic parasympathetic axons?
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X
| Sacral Spinal nerves
86
Name the group of muscles located within the deep grooves between the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebrae
The transversospinalis
87
What is the nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles?
Posterior rami branches
88
How many vertebrae are there in total?
33
89
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
90
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
91
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
92
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5
93
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4
94
What is the name for the thoracic primary curvature of the spine?
Thoracic kyphosis
95
What is the name for the lumbar secondary curvature of the spine?
Lumbar lordosis
96
What are the pendicles on the vertebra?
The part of the vertebra that links the body to the tranverse process - 2 on each side of the vertebrae
97
Where on a vertebra are the lamina found?
The posterior part of the vertebral arch - bit between the spinous process and the tranverse process - 2 on each vertebra
98
Space in the spine through which the spinal nerves emerge
The intervertebral foramen
99
How are pain signals transmitted from the facet joints?
Via the posterior rami
100
Name the outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc
The annulus fibrosus
101
Name the inner soft pulp of the intervertebral disc
The nucleus pulposus
102
What is the ligmentum flavum and where is it found?
Connects adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord
103
What is the role of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine and where does it attach?
Prevents over-flexion of the spine - attaches to the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
104
What is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine?
Prevents over-extension of the spine - attaches to the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
105
Name the ligament that connects the tips of the spinous processes
The supraspinous ligament
106
Name the ligament that connects the superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes
The interspinous ligament
107
Why do all cervical vertebrae have a foramen in their transverse processes?
To allow the vertebral arteries to pass through
108
What is the name given to the C1 vertebra and what is its distinguishing feature?
Atlas - does not have a body or a spinous process
109
What is the name given to the C2 vertebra and what is its distinguishing feature?
Axis - has an odontoid process
110
What is the first palpable spinous process in 70% of people?
C7
111
What type of joints are the atlanto-occipital joints?
Synovial joint
112
What passes through the anterior sacral foraminae?
The anterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves
113
What passes through the posterior sacral foraminae?
The posterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves
114
What is the name given to the palpable inferior end of the spinal canal?
The sacral hiatus
115
Where is the epidural fat within the spine found?
Within the epidural space
116
What is a laminectomy?
Removal of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent lamina
117
Where would you test the C2 dermatome?
Back of scalp
| Adam's apple
118
Where would you test the C3 dermatome?
Back of neck
| Jugular notch
119
Where would you test the C4 dermatome?
Clavicle
| Shoulder tip
120
Where would you test the C5 dermatome?
"badge patch"
121
Where would you test the C6 dermatome?
Thumb
122
Where would you test the C7 dermatome?
Middle finger
123
Where would you test the C8 dermatome?
Little finger
124
Where would you test the T1 dermatome?
Medial forearm
125
Where would you test the T2 dermatome?
Medial arm and sternal angle
126
Where would you test the T4 dermatome?
Male nipple
127
Where would you test the T8 dermatome?
Xiphoid process
128
Where would you test the T10 dermatome?
Umbilicus
129
Where would you test the T12 dermatome?
Pubic Symphysis
130
Where would you test the L1 dermatome?
Groin - "hands in pockets"
131
Where would you test the L2 dermatome?
Anterior thigh (and lateral to a degree)
132
Where would you test the L3 dermatome?
Anterior Knee
133
Where would you test the L4 dermatome?
Medial malleolus
134
Where would you test the L5 dermatome?
The dorsum of the foot (big toe)
135
Where would you test the S1 dermatome?
The heel/sole of the foot
136
Where would you test the S2 dermatome?
Posterior of the knee
| Posterior thigh
137
Where would you test the S3 dermatome?
Buttock
138
Where would you test the S4 dermatome?
Perineum
139
Where would you test the S5 dermatome?
The perianal skin
140
What are the spinal nerve root levels of the femoral nerve?
L2, L3, L4
141
What is the clinical relevance of the nerve point of the neck?
At the midpoint of the posterior border of the SCM the sensory nerves of the cervical plexus pass from superficial to deep fascia and can be damaged during biopsy.
142
What is the name given to the anterior ramus of T12 spinal nerve?
Subcostal nerve
143
What is the name given to the anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T11?
Intercostal nerves
144
Which nerve is involved in testing the ankle reflex?
The tibial nerve
145
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the muscles of mastication?
CN VII
146
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the muscles of mastication?
CN V
147
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the muscles of the tongue?
CN XII
148
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the muscles of the soft palate?
CN X/pharyngeal plexus
149
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the neck postural muscles?
Posterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves
150
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve : C3, C4, C5
151
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?
CN XI
152
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the muscles of the pharynx
Mainly CN X
153
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
CN X
154
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the intercostal muscles?
The intercostal nerves
155
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of erector spinae and transversospinalis?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves
156
Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the limb?
Musculocutaneous nerve:
| C5, C6, C7
157
Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Median nerve:
| C6, C7, C8, T1
158
Which named nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the arm?
The radial nerve
159
Which named nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the forearm?
The radial nerve
160
Which named nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?
The femoral nerve:
| L2, L3, L4
161
Which named nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh?
The obturator nerve:
| L2, L3, L4
162
Which named nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?
The sciatic nerve:
| L4, S1, S2, S3
163
Which named nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the lower leg?
The Tibial nerve
164
Which named nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
The superficial fibular nerve
165
Which named nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
The deep fibular nerve
166
What are the five layers of the scalp?
```
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
```
167
Where is the thinnest part of the skull?
The pterion suture
168
What artery lies deep to the pterion suture?
The middle meningeal artery
169
Which layer of the meninges is continuous with the spinal column?
The dural layer
170
Which nerve supplies the sensory supply to the dura mater in the brain?
CN V
171
What is the tough sheet of dura mater called that tents over the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
172
What is the name of the structure made of dura mater that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
The falx cerebri
173
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
Between the cerebellum and the pons
174
Where is the CSF secreted from before entering the lateral ventricles?
The choroid plexus
175
Name the condition that involves excessive production, obstruction to flow or inadequate reabsorption leading to an increased CSF volume
Hydrocephalus
176
At spinal level does the spinal cord end?
L2 vertebra
