Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
What does Rostral mean
A
Nose
2
Q
What is Caudal
A
Tail
3
Q
What is Dorsal
A
Back
4
Q
Coronal Plane
A
XY plane
This of the halo crown on Jesus’s head in paintings, splits the head from ear to ear
5
Q
Horizontal Plane
A
XZ plane, cuts the head horizontal to the floor
6
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
YZ plane, splits the head through the nose. Think “sage= wise” it goes through the third eye.
7
Q
White matter
A
Myelinated axons
8
Q
Concentration of cell bodies on the CNS
A
Nucleus
9
Q
Ganglion
A
concentration of cell bodies in the PNS
10
Q
Tract
A
Concentration on axons in the CNS
11
Q
Concentration of axons in the PNS
A
Nerve
12
Q
Ipsilateral
A
on the same side
13
Q
Contralateral
A
on the opposite side
14
Q
Bilateral
A
on both sides
15
Q
Proximal
A
close to
16
Q
Diatal
A
far away from
17
Q
Decussation
A
Axons that project to the contralateral side
18
Q
Hemidecussation
A
half of the neurons cross over the contralateral side
19
Q
Motor nerves that are directed away from the brain
A
Efferent Nerves
20
Q
Sensory nerves that are directed towards the brain
A
Afferent nerves
21
Q
Fissure
A
A cleft (in the cortex, one that is deep enough to indent the ventricles)
22
Q
A shallow cleft
A
Sulcus (plural: Sulci)
23
Q
Gyrus (plural: gyri)
A
A ridge
24
Q
What two sub systems make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
A
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
25
Which two sub-systems are in the Autonomic Nervous system?
Sympathetic system
| Parasympathetic system
26
What is the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)?
Afferent and Efferent connections via cranial and spinal nerves
27
What is the meninges?
3 layers of tissue between the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the bony cavities (skull and vertebral columns) that contain them
28
What are the 3 layers of the meninges starting from closest to the skull to closest to the brain
```
Dura mater (a tough skin like coating)
Arachnoid Space (containing blood vessels and lymphatic structures)
Pia Mater (a delicate membrane)
"PAD"
```
29
What is the name of the cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and where are they
Ependymal cells in the ventricles
30
Neurocranium
Where the brain is house in the posterior skull
31
What are the holes in the skull called that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through?
Foramina
32
What is the large hole at the base of the skull, what is it for?
Foramen Magnum, it allows for space for the spinal cord to connect to the brain stem, and it is where the blood vessels to the brain enter
33
There are 3 Fossae in the brain, what are they and what are their names
They are contours in the skull, their names are:
Posterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Anterior cranial fossa
34
Cribriform plate
A grove in the brain by the nose that has lots of holes in it that allows for olfactory nerves to pass through
35
What are the names of the 3 arteries to the brain?
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery
36
Circle of Willis
A "circle" where the arteries in the brain meet that allows for communication between the left and right side of the neck arteries
37
Parenchymal Blood Supply
Blood supply to the brain. It There are the left and right carotid arteries, and the left and right vertebral arteries.
38
Blood Supply to the Meninges
Blood to the Dura region.
| Anterior, middle and posterior arteries that irrigate their corresponding fossa
39
The Telencephalon and the Diencephalon make up which section of the brain?
Forebrain
40
the Mesencephalon is what section of the brain?
Midbrain
41
What are the two subsections to the hindbrain?
Metencephalon
| Myelencephalon
42
What 4 parts make up the Telencephalon?
Cerebral Cortex (neocortex)
Subcortical white matter
Basal Ganglia
Basal forebrain nuclei
43
Neocortex (cerebral cortex)
- Most recently evolved
- 80% of the brain
- two hemispheres
44
What receives and accepts info directly from the outside?
Primary cortex
45
Secondary Cortex
Not directly connected to the senses, but they are connected to the primary cortex and get info from there
46
Tertiary Cortex
Receives no actual info from outside, rather this is where associations are made and where we think
47
What are the 3 components of the basal ganglia?
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Caudate nucleus
48
What function does the Basal Ganglia have?
- Supports stimulus-response learning
- Functions in sequencing movements
- controls muscle force in movement production
49
Which 4 structures make up the Limbic System?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Septum
Cingulate Cortex
50
The part of the brain responsible for emotions and species-typical behaviours
Amygdala
51
Region for memory and spatial navigation
Hippocampus
52
What does the Septum do?
Emotion and species-typical behaviour
53
The Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, and the Thalamus make up which section of the brain?
Diencephalon
54
What does the Hypothalamus do?
- interacts with the Pituitary gland
| - Participates in nearly all aspects of motivated behaviour
55
What does the Thalamus do?
- relays sensory info to appropriate targets
- relays info between cortical areas
- relays info between forebrain and brainstem
56
What is the the subsection of the midbrain?
Mesencephalon
57
Tectum
Ceiling, inferior and superior colliculi
58
Tegmentum
Covering or midbrain floor
| Surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
59
What are the brain regions in the Mesencephalon (midbrain)?
Red Nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Peri-acqueductal gray matter
60
What does the red nucleus do?
Limb movement
61
What is the substantia nigra?
reward and initiation of movement
62
Peri-acqueductal gray matter does what?
Species typical behaviour
| Modulating pain response
63
What is the Cerebral Peduncles?
The fibre tracts connecting the cortex, cerebellum and the spinal cord
64
In the mid brain, the superior colliculus receives what type of input?
Visual
65
In the midbrain, the inferior colliculus receives what type of input?
Auditory
66
What are the two subsections of the hindbrain?
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
67
What are the brain regions in the Metencephanon? Is it forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?
Pons
Cerebellum
Hindbrain
68
What is the brain region in the Myelencephalon? What does it do?
Medulla Oblongata
| It controls cardiac and respiratory functions, and reflexes such as swallowing, vomiting, sneezing and coughing
69
What gives Pons its name?
It is the "bridge" that connects the cortex and cerebellum
70
What is the Cerebellum
It is involved in sensorimotor integration
| Coordinates and helps learn skilled movements (muscle memory)
71
Reticular Formation
Maintains general arousal
72
What brain regions control waking, sleeping and locomotion?
Pons and Medulla
