Neuroanatomy

Question 1

where are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord

Answer 1

cervical and lumbar

Question 2

what do the roots of the spinal cord pass through until the intervertebral foramina

Answer 2

the subarachnoid space

Question 3

what does the spinal cord contibue as after the conus medullaris

Answer 3

filum terminale

Question 4

how is the spinal cord suspended in the canal

Answer 4

lateral aspects of the cord is the denticulate ligament

Question 5

what is contained in the white matter

Answer 5

longitudinally orientate nerve fibres (axons), glial cells, and blood vessels

Question 6

what is in the grey matter

Answer 6

neuronal soma, cell processes, synapses, glial and blood vessels

Question 7

what also runs the length of the spinal cord

Answer 7

a small central canal

Question 8

what are the parts of the white matter

Answer 8

posterior, lateral and anterior FUNICULUS

Question 9

What are the 4 parts of the grey matter

Answer 9

r and l posterior and anterior horns

Question 10

what runs in the spinal cord from T1-L2

Answer 10

lateral horns of grey matter

Question 11

what is contained in the lateral horns

Answer 11

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 12

what is the arterial supply to the spinal cord

Answer 12

3 major longitudinal arteries 1x anterior and 2x posterior longitudinal arteries
segmental arteries
radicular arteries

Question 13

what are the longitudinal arteries branches of

Answer 13

vertebral arteries

Question 14

where do radicular arteries travel along

Answer 14

dorsal and ventral roots

Question 15

what is the dura mater attached to in the cranial cavity

Answer 15

the periosteum

Question 16

what is contained in the epidural space

Answer 16

adipose tissue and anterior and posterior epidural venous plexuses

Question 17

what are the 2 main tracts for sensory

Answer 17

dorsal column/medial leminiscus system and spinothalamic tract

Question 18

what does dorsal column/medial leminiscus system carry

Answer 18

fine touch and conscious proprioception

Question 19

what does spinothalamic tract carry

Answer 19

pain temperature and deep pressure

Question 20

where do fibres cross in spinothalamic tract

Answer 20

they cross segmentally

Question 21

where do fibres cross in dorsal column/medial leminiscus system

Answer 21

they cross in medulla

Question 22

what is the main descending tract for motor pathways

Answer 22

corticospinal

Question 23

what does corticospinal tract convey

Answer 23

fine, precise movement

Question 24

where can you see the corticospinal tract

Answer 24

it forms visible ridges called pyramids on anterior surface of medulla

Question 25

where do most of the fibres cross in corticospinal tract

Answer 25

85% cross in the caudal medulla

Question 26

where do crossed fibres travel in corticospinal tract

Answer 26

lateral CST

Question 27

where do uncrossed fibres travel in corticospinal tract

Answer 27

ventral CST

Question 28

what can a CVA of the internal capsule result in

Answer 28

a lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract

Question 29

what would a CVA of the internal capsule result in clinically

Answer 29

SPASTIC PARALYSIS with hyperflexion of the upper limbs/ decorticate posturing

Question 30

in general what do fibres originating in the pons facilitate

Answer 30

extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements

Question 31

what are the four types of glial cells

Answer 31

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Question 32

what do ependymal cells do

Answer 32

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines ventricles

Question 33

what do astrocytes do

Answer 33

support, maintain blood-brain barrier, environmental homeostasis

Question 34

what makes up the lentiform nucleus

Answer 34

putamen and globus

Question 35

what does the pineal gland do

Answer 35

small endocrine gland that is involved with sleep

Question 36

which layer of the scalp contains its named arteries

Answer 36

connective tissue

Question 37

what is the ophthalmic artery a branch of

Answer 37

the internal carotid artery

Question 38

what are the branches of the internal carotid in the neck

Answer 38

there are none

Question 39

what are the 5 layers of the scalp

Answer 39

``` Skin Connective tissue aponeurosis loose connective tissue pericranium ```

Question 40

what is the thinnest part of the skull

Answer 40

pterion

Question 41

which artery courses deep to the pterion

Answer 41

middle meningeal artery

Question 42

what is the groove between the deep surfaces of the temporal and occipital bone made by

Answer 42

sigmoid sinus

Question 43

the sensory supply to the dura mater is supplies by what

Answer 43

CNV

Question 44

what is formed when the double layered dura mater separates

Answer 44

a dural venous sinus

Question 45

where does the tentorium cerebelli attach

Answer 45

to the ridges of the petrous temporal bone

Question 46

what is the falx cerebri made of

Answer 46

dura mater

Question 47

what drains blood from the dural venous sinuses

Answer 47

cerebral veins

Question 48

where is the confluence of the sinuses

Answer 48

internal occipital protuberance

Question 49

where does the vertebral artery pass through

Answer 49

the transverse foraminae

Question 50

how does the vertebral artery enter the cranial cavity

Answer 50

via foramen magnum

Question 51

where does the subarachnoid space end

Answer 51

S2

Question 52

where is the 3rd ventricle located

Answer 52

in the diencephalon in the midline

Question 53

what is the central canal of the spinal cord continuous with

Answer 53

the 4th ventricle

Question 54

where is an extradural haemorrhage

Answer 54

between the bone and dura

Question 55

what could cause an extradural haemorrhage

Answer 55

a ruptured middle meningeal artery by trauma to the pterion

Question 56

what can cause a subdural haemorrhage

Answer 56

torn cerebral veins | falls in the elderly and those with drinking problems

Question 57

where is a subdural haemorrhage

Answer 57

it separates the dura from the arachnoid

Question 58

where is a subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 58

into the CSF of the subarachnoid space

Question 59

what can cause a subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 59

ruptured Circle of Willis aneurysm/ congenital aneurysm

Question 60

what happens to most efferent axons of deep cerebellar nuclei

Answer 60

they cross the midline and synapse in the thalamus

Question 61

the pterion involves which bones

Answer 61

frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid