Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(55 cards)
white matter
- myelinated nerve cells
- forms the bulk of the deep parts of the brain and the superficial parts of the spinal cord.
gray matter
- unmyelinated neurons
- function of grey matter is to route sensory or motor stimulus to interneurons of the CNS.
S’s of UMN lesion etiologies
Stroke Multiple Sclerosis Spinal Cord injury Cerebral Palsy Spastic paralysis upward Babinski (sky) Strong muscles (no atrophy)
FLABBY LMN lesion etiologies
Fasiculations present
Loss of muscle tone
Areflexia
Babinski towards basement
Young (poliomyelitis is known as infantile paralysis)
LMN: Remember the B’s of LMN lesions!!!
Etiologies: Guillain Barré syndrome, Botulism, Back pain due to Cauda Equina syndrome, Bell Palsy, Baby paralysis (Polio)
Loss of muscle tone/Flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy
Wernicke’s aphasia
speech is preserved but makes no sense
w for what? doesn’t understand others
Brocas aphasia
problem speaking understandably
O for problem with Output
B uses broken words
thalamus
Processing center of the cerebral cortex. Coordinates and regulates all functional activity of the cortex via the integration of the afferent input to the cortex (except olfaction).
Contributes to affectual expression
hypothalamus
- master endocrine gland
- integration center of ANS
- ant is parasym activity, post is sym activity
- feeding and pleasure center
Medulla
responsible for controlling several major autonomic functions of the body:
respiration (via dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group)
Blood pressure and heart rate
Reflex Arcs
Vomiting
Pons
Cranial nerves V, VI, VII
It relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum
cerebellum
Archicerebellum- maintains equilibrium
Paleocerebellum- maintains muscle tone
Neocerebellum- controls coordination
Ach activates
cholinergic receptors Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Gastric motility Emesis
anticholinergics activate….
sympathetic NS
Stress incontinence occurs bc of
a weak urethral sphincter which causes less pressure required to open the sphincter, strengthen muscle via kegels, if this doesn’t work try an alpha agonist
Overflow incontinence
-person doesn’t know bladder is full so they constantly leak urine, foley catheter, bethanechol (ach makes you urinate)
Urge incontinence
-overactive bladder,use an anticholinergic oxybutynin
Ach vs Dopamine
Ach accelerates muscle contraction
Dopamine depresses muscle contractions leading to relaxation
how does tetanus work?
botulism?
blocks Achase, spastic paralysis
blocks NMJ, flaccid paralysis
symptoms get better throughout the day for muscle strength, think….
eaton-lambert, pre-synaptic Abs
what is happening in parkinson’s disease?
- damage to substantia nigra resulting in decreased dopamine production
- too much Ach causing tremors
- treat w/benztropine (anticholinergic)
what diseases might we see where we have to rule out MS?
- Marcus Gunn pupil
- trigeminal neuralgia
GBS vs MS
GBS affects peripheral NS
MS affects CNS
how to tell b/w a stroke and Bell’s Palsy?
if they can wrinkle the forehead it is a CVA (central lesion)
if they cannot it is a peripheral lesion indicating Bell’s
tongue deviates….
towards the side of a peripheral lesion
