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Neurology Anatomy and Physiology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three primary vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

The prosencephalon divides into what secondary vesicles?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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3
Q

The mesencephalon divides into what secondary vesicle?

A

It doesn’t lol - stays as mesencephalon

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4
Q

The rhombencephalon divides into what secondary vesicle?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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5
Q

What is the principle cell of the central nervous system?

A

Neuron

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6
Q

What are the four main types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

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7
Q

What is the main function of astrocytes?

A

Gives brain structural support

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8
Q

What is the main function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produces myelin

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9
Q

What is the main function of microglia?

A

Immune monitoring and antigen presentation

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10
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line the open spaces within the brain

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11
Q

What are the two main types of tissue in the brain?

A

Grey matter

White matter

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12
Q

What are the inward projections and outward projections of the brain called?

A

Inward projections - sulci

Outward projections - gyri

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13
Q

Axons are located in white/grey matter

A

White

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14
Q

Neurons are located in white/grey matter

A

Grey

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15
Q

In the brain, white matter is found on the inside/outside

A

Inside

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16
Q

In the spinal cord, white matter is found on the inside/outside

A

Outside

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17
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Insular

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18
Q

What forms the posterior border of the frontal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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19
Q

What forms the posterior border of the parietal lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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20
Q

Identify the lobes of the brain

A
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21
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

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22
Q

What is found within the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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23
Q

The spinal cord terminates at what structure?

A

Conus medullaris

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24
Q

The conus medullaris is anchored to the dorsum of the coccyx by what?

A

Filum terminale

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25
The spinal cord is suspended within its canal by what?
Denticulate ligament
26
Within the spinal cord, the white matter contains cell bodies/axons
Axons
27
Within the spinal cord, the grey matter contains neuronal cell bodies/axons
Cell bodies
28
The white matter in the spinal cord is made up of what fasciculi?
Posterior Lateral Anterior
29
How is the grey matter in the spinal cord divided?
Left and right anterior and posterior horns
30
What are the major arteries supplying the spinal cord?
1x anterior spinal artery 2x posterior spinal arteries
31
In the spinal cord, the dura does adhere directly to the periosteum. True/false?
False - the epidural space seperates the dura from bone
32
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?
Postcentral gyrus
33
As you descend down the spinal cord, there is a larger/smaller proportion of white matter
Smaller
34
Fine touch and proprioception sensation is carried to the brain in which system?
Dorsal column/medial lemniscus
35
Where do the fibres of the DCML system first synapse?
Medulla
36
Why is fine touch sensation from the left side detected in the right brain and vice-versa?
Because the fibres of the DCML cross in the medulla
37
The second order neuron of the DCML system synapses where?
Thalamus
38
What sensations are carried within the spinothalamic tract?
Pain Temperature Deep pressure
39
Where does the first synapse of the spinothalamic tract occur?
Cervical cord
40
Where does the second order neuron of the spinothalamic tract synapse?
Thalamus
41
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Precentral gyrus
42
What movement is the corticospinal tract responsible for?
Fine/precise
43
Why is the corticospinal tract called the pyramidal tract?
As it passes through the pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla
44
What pathology can affect the corticospinal tract?
Cerebrovascular accident of internal capsule
45
What motor systems form the extrapyramidal system?
Tectospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract
46
What movement does the tectospinal tract mediate?
Reflex head and neck
47
What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?
Anterior Posterior Flocculus
48
How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?
Via three peduncles
49
What is significant about the deep cerebellar nuclei?
It is deep grey matter embedded within white matter
50
Where do afferents to the cerebellum arive from?
Spinal cord Cerebral cortex Vestibular apparatus
51
What is the only efferent projections of the cerebellum?
Axons of Purkinje cells
52
Cerebellar hemispheres influence the ipsilateral/contralateral side of the body
Ipsilateral
53
What are the functions of the basal ganglia?
Facilitate purposeful movement Inhibit unwanted movement Posture/muscle tone
54
What is included within the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalmic nucleus Substantia nigra
55
The striatum is formed from which basal ganglia structures?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
56
The putamen and globus pallidus form which basal ganglia structures?
Lenticular nucleus
57
What is the corpus striatum formed from?
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus
58
In which disease is the substantia nigra affected?
Parkinson's
59
What occurs in the basal ganglia direct pathway?
The outflow of thalamus is increased, stimulating the cortex and enhancing desired movement
60
What occurs in the basal ganglia indirect pathway?
The thalamus is slowed down dampening down the cortex and inhibiting unwanted movement
61
Basal ganglia lesions affect the ipsilateral/contralateral side of the body
Contralateral
62
What are some motor signs of basal ganglia lesions?
Muscle tone changes Dyskinesias
63
Which is the only sensory modality not to synapse in the thalamus before reaching the cortex?
CN I
64
What is significant about the nuclei of CNs III, IV, VI and XII?
They are found near the midline
65
What is important about the path of the trochlear nerve as it leaves the brainstem?
It exits posteriorly before looping round and crossing the brainstem
66
Outline the route of CNXI from when it leaves the spinal cord
Passes upward through the foramen magnum before turning and going back out the jugular foramen
67
What are the three sensory nuclei of the trigemenal nerve?
Mesencephalic Pontine trigeminal Spinal
68
What is the function of the mesencephalic nucleus?
Proprioception from chewing muscles
69
What is the function of the spinal nucleus?
Defining pain and temperature
70
What tract allows sensations from CN V to reach the thalamus?
Ventral trigeminothalamic
71
What are the four nuclei related to the facial nerve?
Facial motor Salivatory Solitary Spinal trigeminal
72
What is the function of the salivatory nucleus of CN VII?
Parasympathetic innervation of submandibular and pteryogalatine ganglion
73
What is the function of the solitary nucleus of CN VII?
Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
74
What are the four nuclei associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Solitary Spinal trigeminal Inferior salivatory Nucleus ambiguus
75
The nucleus ambiguus is related to the action of which muscle?
Stylopharyngeus
76
What four nuclei are associated with the vagus nerve?
Dorsal (motor) Solitary (taste) Spinal trigeminal (pain) Nucleus ambiguus (motor)
77
Which nuclei in the brain stem are shared by multiple cranial nerves?
Solitary nucleus (taste) Superior and inferior salivatory Nucleus ambiguus
78
What part of the pyramidal tract is carries motor fibres of cranial nerves?
Corticobulbar
79
What structures in the ear are important in sound localisation?
Superior olivary nucleus Lateral lemniscus nucleus
80
On which lobe is the primary auditory complex located?
Temporal lobe
81
What area surrounds the primary auditory cortex?
Wernicke's area
82
A patient has difficulty in placing his words in the right order. What area of the brain is affected?
Wernicke's
83
Damage to Broca's area causes patients to have difficulty with what?
Producing language
84
Is there a primary vestibular cortex?
No - the brain gets different vestibular information at the same time
85
Outline the parts of the visual pathway
Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Lateral geniculate nucleus Optic radiation Visual cortex
86
In which lobe is the primary visual cortex located?
Occipital
87
What nucleus is involved in the pupillary light reflex?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Neurology Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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