Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
What cell type is most numerous in the CNS?
A
Glial cells
2
Q
Name the different types of glial cell.
A
Atrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
3
Q
Which glial cells help maintain the blood brain barrier?
A
Astrocytes
4
Q
Which glial cells produce myelin in the CNS?
A
Oligodendrocytes
5
Q
Which glial cells are involved with immune monitoring and antigen presentation?
A
Microglia
6
Q
Which glial cells line the ventricles?
A
Ependymal cells
7
Q
What part of the neuron is contained within the grey horn of the spinal cord?
A
cell bodies
8
Q
What is the first furrow to develop in the brain?
A
central sulcus
9
Q
Which part of the brain contains the primary somatosensory centre?
A
Post-central gyrus
10
Q
Which part of the brain contains the primary motor centre?
A
Precentral gyrus
11
Q
Which two basal ganglia combine to form the lentiform nucleus?
A
Putamen
Globus pallidus
12
Q
What substance fills the ventricles?
A
CSF
13
Q
What is the name given to the white matter tract that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
A
Corpus callosum
14
Q
What is the name of the hidden lobe of the brain involved in the patients experience of pain?
A
Insula
15
Q
What 3 layers make up the meninges?
A
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater?
16
Q
What arteries anastomose to form the circle of willis?
A
internal carotid arteries anterior cerebral arteries middle cerebral arteries posterior cerebral arteries basilar artery
17
Q
Where do the dural venous sinuses drain to?
A
internal jugular vein
18
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A
31
19
Q
At what spinal level does the spinal cord end?
A
L2
20
Q
What name is given to the connective tissue cord that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?
A
filum terminale
21
Q
At what spinal level does the dural sac end?
A
S2
22
Q
At what spinal segments would you find small lateral horns?
A
T1-L2
23
Q
Are sensory signals carried in ascending or descending tracts?
A
ascending
24
Q
What sensory modalities are carried by the dorsal column/medial lemniscus system?
A
Fine touch and proprioception
25
Where do nerve fibres cross the midline in the dorsal column/medial lemniscus system?
medulla
26
Which part of the dorsal column carries signals from the lower limb?
vesiculus gracilis
27
Which part of the dorsal column carries signals from the upper limb?
vesiculus cuneatus
28
Which spinal tract carries pain, temperature and deep pressure fibres?
Spinothalamic tract
29
Does the spinothalamic tract synapse in the brainstem?
No
30
Which spinal tract is responsible for fine, precise movement of distal muscles?
Corticospinal tract
31
Which spinal tract forms the pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla?
corticospinal tract
32
What is the name given to the area in the caudal medulla at which 85% of corticospinal fibres cross the midline?
Decussation of the pyramids
33
What tract is formed by crossed fibres from the corticospinal tract? Lateral or ventral corticospinal tract?
lateral corticospinal tract
34
What tract is formed by uncrossed fibres from the corticospinal tract? Lateral or ventral corticospinal tract?
ventral corticospinal tract
35
Which spinal tract mediated the reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli?
tectospinal tract
36
In the reticulospinal tract, is it fibres originating from the pons or the medulla that facilitate extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements?
pons
37
In the reticulospinal tract, is it fibres originating from the pons or the medulla that facilitate flexor movements and inhibit extensor movements?
medulla
38
Which spinal tract stops you from falling over?
Vestibulospinal tract
39
Do the fibres from the vestibulospinal tract cross the midline?
no
40
What are the three lobes of the cerebellum called?
anterior, posterior, flocculonodular
41
What is the name given to the tent of fascia that sits over the cerebellum?
tentorium cerebelli
42
What are the names of the three cell layers of the cerebellar cortex?
molecular (outer)
purkinje (middle)
granule (inner)
43
What are the functions of the basal ganglia?
facilitate purposeful movement
inhibit unwanted movement
role in posture and muscle tone
44
Name the basal ganglia
```
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
```
45
Which basal ganglia make up the striatum?
caudate nucleus
| putamen
46
Which basal ganglia make up the lenticular nucleus?
Putamen
| globus pallidus
47
Which basal ganglia make up the corpus striatum?
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
48
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
49
Which of the cranial nerves are only motor nerves?
CN III, IV, VI, XI and XII
50
Are the nuclei of the motor nerves found medially or laterally in the brainstem?
medially, sensory found laterally
51
Which cranial nerve arises from the cervical spinal cord?
Spinal accessory
52
Which cranial nerves have both motor and sensory function?
CN V, VII, IX and X
53
What are the three parts of the trigeminal sensory nuclei?
mesencephalic nucleus
pontine trigeminal nucleus
spinal nucleus
54
Where is the only site in the CNS where the cell bodies of primary afferent neurons live?
mesencephalic nucleus
55
Which trigeminal nucleus receives proprioceptive information from the teeth and jaw?
mesencephalic nucleus
56
Which cranial nerves share the solitary nucleus?
CN VII, IX and X
57
Which cranial nerves share the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei?
CN VII and IX
58
Which cranial nerves share the nucleus ambiguus?
CN IX, X and cranial part of XI
59
What part of the pyramidal tract is motor to the cranial nerves?
corticobulbar tract
60
Where do the cell bodies of the cochlear nerve lie?
Spiral ganglion
61
Which nucleus in the pons helps you to place where sounds are coming from?
Superior olivary nucleus
62
Where is the primary auditory cortex found?
superior temporal lobe
63
Are high frequency sounds processed anterolaterally or posteromedially in the auditory cortex?
Posteromedially
64
Are low frequency sounds processed anterolaterally or posteromedially in the auditory cortex?
Anterolaterally
65
What is aphasia?
Inability to use language
66
Damage to which area of the brain will result in difficulty producing language?
Broca's area
67
Damage to which area of the brain will result in difficulty comprehending language?
Wernicke's area
68
Is the lateral or medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus involved in vision?
Lateral, medial involved in hearing
69
Where is the primary visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
70
Are the lower visual fields projected to the gyrus inferior or superior to the calcarine sulcus?
superior
71
Are the upper visual fields projected to the gyrus inferior or superior to the calcarine sulcus?
inferior
72
Where in the visual cortex does the macula project to?
posterior pole
73
Do fibres from the upper or lower visual field travel in Meyer's loop?
Upper
74
Which two parts of the brain have a role in eye movement?
visual cortex
| frontal eye fields
75
Which part of the brain provides movements in response to visual stimuli (tracking)?
Visual cortex, smooth movement
76
Which part of the brain provides movements of command?
Frontal eye fields, jumpy movement
77
Which is the only cranial nerve to exit the brainstem posteriorly?
Trochlear (CN IV)
78
How many paired spinal nerves are there?
31
79
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
8
80
How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
1
81
Describe the hierarchy of structures entering and leaving the spinal cord
anterior and posterior rootlets > ant and pos roots > spinal nerve > ant and pos rami
82
What kind of fibres are carried in the posterior root?
sensory
83
What kind of fibres are carried in the anterior root?
motor
84
What kind of fibres are carried in the anterior rami?
mixed
85
What kind of fibres are carried in the posterior rami?
mixed
86
Which spinal nerves from the cervical plexus?
C1-4
87
Which spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
88
Which spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?
L1-L4
89
Which spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?
L5-S4
90
What special feature is found within the spinal cord from T1-L2 that allows sympathetic outflow?
Lateral grey matter horns
91
Which spinal nerves are sympathetic fibres present in?
ALL
92
Do sympathetic axons leave the spinal cord anteriorly or posteriorly?
anteriorly
93
Where do the presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?
CN III, VII, IX and X
| sacral spinal nerves
94
What are the extrinsic muscles of the back?
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboids
95
What are the names of the two groups of intrinsic back muscles?
```
erector spinae (superficial)
transversospinalis (deep)
```
96
Name the 3 erector spinae muscles.
Iliocostalis (lateral)
Longissmus (intermediate)
Spinalis (medial)
97
Which muscles are responsible for flexion of the spine?
psoas major and rectus abdominus
98
Which ligaments connect adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord?
ligamentum flavum
99
Which narrow ligament prevents over-flexion of the spine?
posterior longitudinal ligament
100
Which broad ligament prevents over extension of the spine?
anterior longitudinal ligament
101
Which ligament connects the tips of the spinous processes?
supraspinous ligament
102
Which ligament connects the superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes?
interspinous ligament
103
What is the purpose of the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae?
allow passage of vertebral arteries
104
Where does the spinal cord begin?
Foramen magnum
105
At what spinal level does the spinal cord end?
L1/2
106
What name is given to the layer of fat that surrounds the spinal cord?
epidural fat
107
Name the three parts of the trapezius.
descending (superior)
transverse (middle)
ascending (inferior)
108
Name the extrinsic back muscles.
levator scapulae
rhomboids
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
109
What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?
Move the upper limb
110
Name the two groups of intrinsic back muscles.
Erector spinae
| transversospinalis
111
What is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?
maintain back posture and move the spine
112
How many muscle groups make up the erector spinae?
3
113
Name the three groups of muscles that make up the erector spinae from lateral to medial.
Iliocostalis
longissmus
spinalis
114
How many tendons attach the erector spinae muscles to the sacrum and iliac crest?
one common tendon
115
Where are the transversospinalis muscles found?
the grooves between the transverse and spinous processes
116
Which rami of the spinal nerves supply the intrinsic back muscleS?
posterior rami
117
Describe flexion of the spine.
Bend forwards
118
Describe extension of the spine
bend backwards
119
What muscles control flexion of the spine?
psoas major and rectus abdominus
120
How many vertebrae make up the adult spinal column?
33
121
Which foramina align in the vertebral column to form the spinal canal?
vertebral foraminae
122
Which two parts make up the vertebral arch?
laminae and pedicles
123
What name is given to the outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral discs?
annulus fibrosus
124
What name is given to the inner soft pulp of the intervertebral discs?
nucleus pulposus
125
Which short ligaments connect adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord?
ligamentum flavum
126
Which weak and narrow ligament prevent over-flexion of the spine?
posterior longitudinal ligament
127
Which broad and strong ligament prevents over extension of the spine?
anterior longitudinal ligament
128
Which ligaments connect the tips of the spinous processes?
supraspinous ligaments
129
Which ligaments attach the superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes?
interspinous ligaments
130
What are three common features of the cervical vertebrae?
transverse foramen
bifid spinous processes
triangular shaped vertebral foramen
131
What structures pass through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
vertebral arteries
