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Brain and Behaviour > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Neuraxis

A

Imaginary line drawn throught the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

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2
Q

Rostral - Caudal

Anterior - Posterior

A

Rostral: toward the nose

Anterior: toward the front

Caudal: toward the tail

Posterior: toward the rear

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3
Q

Ventral - dorsal

Inferior - superior

A

Ventral: toward the front

Inferior: below

Dorsal: toward the back

Superior: above

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4
Q

Medial - Lateral

A

Medial: toward the midline

Lateral: away from the midline

NB: midline is the medial line of the body which divides the body into halves that are mirrror images of each other

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5
Q

Nervous system

A
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6
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  • Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

Voluntary control/senses

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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Subsconscious body control: visceral function, heart rate, respiration rate, digestion, salivation, pupil dilation, sexual arousal

  • Efferent nerves
    • Parasympathetic nervous system
    • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Afferent nerves
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10
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

A

Rest and digest

  • Eyes: accommodation for near vision (miosis)
  • Saliva: copious liquid
  • Heart: rate and blood pressure down
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11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

4 Fs:

  • Fight
  • Flight
  • Fright
  • Fuck
    • Eyes: pupillary dilation
    • Saliva: little, viscous
    • Heart: rate, force and blood pressure up
    • CNS: drive and alertness up
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12
Q

Hindbrain (metencephalon and myelencephalon)

A

Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) and cerebellum

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

Involved in motor control especially voluntary movement, body position and motor learning.

Contains 50% of total neurons in brain

Grey and white matter

Known as ‘little brain’

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14
Q

Pons

A

Bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum + medulla oblongata

Siutated on top of the brainstem

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15
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata

Connects spinal cord with forebrain and cerebellum

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16
Q

Formatio reticularis (reticular formation)

A

Regulates activity/sleep

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17
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Relays motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord and higher brain regions.

Reflex control centre (ANS) e.g. heart rate

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18
Q

Midbrain

A

Tectum (dorsal) + tegmentum (ventral) + periaqueductal gray (PAG)

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19
Q

Tectum

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A
  • Inferior colliculi
    • Auditory function
  • Superior colliculi
    • Visual function
20
Q

Inferior colliculi

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A

Auditory functino

21
Q

Superior colliculi

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A

Visual functio

22
Q

Tegmentum

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A

Substantia nigra + red nucleus

–> Voluntary movement control

23
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

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A

Tissue around the cerebral aqueduct that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

24
Q

Forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon)

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A
  • Diencephalon
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
  • Telecephalon
    • Cortex
    • Basal ganglia
    • Limbic system
25
Diencephalon
Thalamus and hypothalamus
26
Telencephalon
Cortex + basal ganglia + limbic system
27
Thalamus
Gateway of the cortex: all sensory pathways (except olfaction) relay in the thalamus before terminating in the cerrebral cortex
28
Gyrus (pl: gyri)
Convolution or bump protruding rounded surfaces
29
Sulcus (pl: sulci)
Valley between gyri and enfolded regions that appears as surface lines (gaps between gyri)
30
Longitudinal fissure
Divides the two hemispheres (also known as interhimispheric fissures)
31
Lobes and sulci
32
Frontal lobes
The 'executive' brain: planning and guiding behaviour, (moral) judgement Broca's speach area Primary motor cortex
33
Temporal lobes
* Language processing --\> Wernicke's area * Longterm memory/knowledge --\> Parahippocampal gyrus * Primary auditory cortex
34
Parietal lobes
Association cortex: integrates sensory information from multiple modalities * Spatial processing --\> superior parietal gyrus * Primary somatosensory cortex --\> postcentral gyrys * Cortical association area (visual+auditory) --\> inferior parietal gyrus
35
Occipital lobes
Vision Primary visual cortex --\> located in and around the calcarine fissure
36
Basal ganglia
Prepares starting and stopping of voluntary motions --\> Parkinson's * Direct pathway: starts movement * Indirect pathway: stops movement
37
Limbic system
Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Cingulate cortex Anterior thalamus Mammilary bodies --\> emotional regulation, learning and memory, emotional memories, recognition of emotions in other people
38
Hypothalamus
* Regulates hormones (sexual behaviour, diurnal rhythms, fight or flight etc) * Controls food and fluid intake
39
Hippocampus
* Establishing memories * New contextual learning * Memory retrieval * Understanding spatial relations
40
Amygdala
Coordinates behavioural, autonomic and endocrine responses to environment stimuli, especially those with emotional content No amygdala, no fear!
41
Corpus callosum
* Major fibre connection between the hemispheres (from lating, literally meaning *tough body*) * Allows communication between cerebral hemispheres
42
Brain barrier systems
1. Skull 2. Meninges 1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater 3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 4. Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
43
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Function: * Buoyancy: allows the brian to maintain its density without being impaired by its own weight * Protection: protects the brain tissue from injury when jolted or hit * Chemical stability: allows for homeostatic regulation
44
Hydrocephalus
* From latin: water (hydro) in the head (cephalus) * CSF build-up puts pressure on the brain * Usually in infancy (congenital hydrocephalus) --\> delayed cognitive development * Maybe acquired after head injury or brain cancer
45
Blood-brain barrier
Tightly packed blood vessels creating a berrier that only allows certain molecules to pass through

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