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Neuroscience > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral lobes
Fornix
Cingulate gyrus

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2
Q

Fissures/sulcus

A

Longitudinal fissure
Ansate sulcus
Lateral/sylvian sulcus
Rhinal sulcus

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3
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Mammillary bodies
Optic tract/nerve/chiasm

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4
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Cerebral peduncles
Tectum
Tegmentum

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5
Q

Nerves in order names

A 
Olfactory 
Occipital 
Occulomotor 
Trochlear
Trigeminal 
Abducens 
Facial 
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharengeal 
Vagus 
Spinal accessory 
Hypoglossal
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6
Q

Structures of the ventricular system

A 
Lateral ventricle 
Interventricular formation 
Third ventricle 
Cerebral aqueduct 
Fourth ventricle 
Central canal
Septum pellucidum 
Choroid plexus
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7
Q

Commisure

A

Corpus callosum

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8
Q

Parts of corpus callosum

A

Genu

Splenium

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9
Q

Function of choroid plexus

A

Secretes CSF

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10
Q

Fornix function

A

Communicates from hippocampus to hypothalamus , mammillary bodies, and anterior group of the thalamic nuclei

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11
Q

Cingulate gyrus function

A

Links cortex and limbic functions

Emotions and behavior regulation

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12
Q

Thalamus function

A

Sensory relay

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13
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Hormone control
Controls motivated behaviors like sex and eating
Controls autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

Parts of tectum

A

Superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

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15
Q

Inferior colliculus function

A

Auditory center

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16
Q

Superior colliculus function

A

Vision center. Vision and hearing integration

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17
Q

Pineal body function

A

Melatonin secretion

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18
Q

Internal capsule function

A

Motor control

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19
Q

External capsule function

A

Secretes acetylcholine

Keeps us awake

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20
Q

Parts of basal ganglia

A 
Putamen 
Globus pallidus 
Caudate nucleus 
Substantia nigra
Nucleus accumbens
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21
Q

Parts of striatum (part of basal ganglia )

A

Putamen and caudate nucleus

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22
Q

Striatum function

A

Receive dopaminergic input from substantia nigra

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23
Q

Globus pallidus function

A

Voluntary and subconscious movement

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24
Q

Periaqueductal grey function and location

A

Pain

Surrounds cerebral aqueduct

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25
Q

Substantia nigra function

A

Reward and movement (through production of dopamine)

Associated with Parkinson’s

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26
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus function

A

Visual relay thalamus

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27
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

Auditory relay thalamus

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28
Q

Structures of lentiform

A

Globus pallidus and putamen

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29
Q

Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum function

A

Reward and addiction

Dopaminergic systems

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30
Q

3 nerves that move eyes

A

III-occulomotor
IV-trochlear
VI- Abducens

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31
Q

Trigeminal nerve # and function

A

V-jaw muscle movement

Face and jaw feeling

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32
Q

Facial nerve function and number

A

VII- facial muscles, salivary and tear glands

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33
Q

Superior temporal gyrus

A

Auditory association cortex

Neurons involved in hearing

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34
Q

Post central gyrus

A

Somatosensory cortex

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35
Q

What arteries supply blood to cerebral cortex

A

cerebral arteries

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36
Q

Nucleus

A

Mass of neurons in CNS with similar traits

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37
Q

Locus

A

Small well defined group of neurons in brain stem

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38
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of neurons in PNS with similar function

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39
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in PNS

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40
Q

Tract

A

Collection of Axons in CNS

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41
Q

Bundle

A

A collection of axons that run together but don’t necessarily have the same origin or destination

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42
Q

Capsule

A

Collection of axons that connect cerebellum with brain stem

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43
Q

Commissure

A

Collection of axons that connect two sides of brain

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44
Q

Lemniscus

A

Tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon

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45
Q

Rostral

A

Front

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46
Q

Dorsal

A

Top

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47
Q

Caudal

A

Back

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48
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom

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49
Q

Lateral

A

Towards outside of body

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50
Q

Medial

A

Towards inside of body

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51
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Group of axons that connect cerebrum and pons/brain stem

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52
Q

Tectum

A

Roof of the midbrain

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53
Q

Tegmentum

A

Floor of the midbrain

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54
Q

Parts of tegmentum

A

Reticular formation

Substantia nigra

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55
Q

Cerebral peduncles include what

A

Tegmentum

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56
Q

Prosencephalon composed of

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

57
Q

Association areas of cortex

A

Prefrontal cortex
Inferotemporal cortex
Posterior parietal cortex

58
Q

Motor areas or cortex

A

Primary motor cortex (pre central gyrus)
Supplementary motor area
Premotor area

59
Q

Sensory areas of the cortex

A

Somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus)
Visual cortex
Auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus)
Gustatory cortex

60
Q

Function of insula

A

Interpreted how body is feeling into emotional sensations

Roller coaster

61
Q

Define rostral, caudal, ventral and dorsal, lateral and medial

A 
Rostral is front 
Caudal is back 
Dorsal is top
Ventral is bottom 
Lateral is away from midline 
Medial is close to midline
62
Q

Rostral = ?

A

Anterior

63
Q

Caudal = ?

A

Posterior

64
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of midline

65
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of midline

66
Q

Parts of the PNS

A

Somatic

Visceral (ANS)

67
Q

Somatic PNS

A

Innervates joints, skin, muscles

68
Q

Visceral PNS

A

Autonomic nervous system

Innervates internal organs, blood vessels and glands

69
Q

What else does the PNS do

A

Sends sensory information from body back to the CNS

70
Q

Gross organization of mammalian central nervous system

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Spinal cord

71
Q

Rat and human brain differences

A

Humans have tiny olfactory bulb And much larger cerebrum

72
Q

Mesencephalon =?

A

Midbrain

73
Q

Rhombencephalon = ?

A

Hindbrain

74
Q

Hindbrain includes

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

75
Q

Function of spinal cord

A

Brain body information conduit

76
Q

How many spinal nerves are there

A

31

77
Q

Dorsal root primary function

A

Sensory

78
Q

Ventral root primary function

A

Motor

79
Q

Where do dorsal root ganglia synapse

A

Dorsal horn

80
Q

What is a subdural hematoma

A

Forms when blood vessels rupture and blood collects between dura and arachnoid membrane

81
Q

Fissures definition

A

Especially deep groove in cerebrum surface

82
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Motor

83
Q

Central sulcus divides what

A

Frontal and parietal lobe

84
Q

What lobe is that superior temporal gyrus located

A

Temporal

85
Q

What does the lateral fissure separate

A

Temporal and frontal lobes

86
Q

Function of the medulla

A

Vital functions, breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, etc

87
Q

Input nuclei of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen (neostriatum)

Receive information and relay it to intrinsic nuclei

88
Q

ignore

A

overit

89
Q

Output nuclei of basal ganglia

A

Internal globus pallidus

Pars reticula of substantia nigra

90
Q

Functions of the basal ganglia

A

A group of brain structures controlling voluntary movements, habitual behaviors, emotions and reward systems.

91
Q

What lies at the tail end of the caudate

A

Amygdala

92
Q

What is the circle of Willis function

A

To be able to still provide blood flow to the brain in the event of a blood clot
Redundancy

93
Q

What arteries supply blood to the cerebral cortex

A

Middle, anterior, and posterior cerebral arteries

94
Q

What is the structure of the arteries that supply blood to the brain

A

Vertebral arteries converge to the basilar artery which separates into the posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery. The posterior communicating artery connects the posterior cerebellar artery to the internal carotid artery which separates into the middle cerebral artery And anterior cerebral artery. The anterior communicating artery connects the anterior cerebral arteries.
This is caudal to rostral

95
Q

The brain receives blood from what arteries

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

96
Q

What do the internal carotid and vertebral arteries coalesce into

A

Basilar artery

97
Q

Where does the basilar artery supply blood to

A

Back of the brain (cerebellum)

98
Q

What supplies blood to the cerebellum

A

Superior Cerebellar artery

99
Q

What supplies blood to the cerebrum

A

Cerebral arteries

100
Q

Where does the internal carotid provide blood flow

A

Middle of brain and anterior part of brain

101
Q

What are brodmanns areas based on

A

Cryoarchitectural differences in the brain

Hypothesized physical differences are related to different functions

102
Q

Brodmanns primary somatosensory area

A

Brodmanns numbered 3,1,2

103
Q

Broddmann’s primary motor area

A

Brodmann’s area 4

104
Q

Brodmann’s primary visual area

A

Brodmann’s area 17

105
Q

Brodmann’s auditory areas

A

Brodmann’s 41/42

106
Q

Brodmann’s Broca’s area

A

44/45 brodmann’s area

107
Q

Wernickes area function

A

Language comprehension

108
Q

Broca’s area function

A

Speech production

109
Q

What are the main structural brain imaging techniques

A

CT/CAT scans

MRI

110
Q

Functional brain imaging techniques

A

fMRI

PET

111
Q

What does CT stand for

A

Computerized tomography

112
Q

What does MRI stand for

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

113
Q

What does the f in fMRI stand for

A

Functional

114
Q

What does PET stand for

A

Positron emission tomography

115
Q

Function of a CT scan

A

Can help us spot problems like strokes and tumors

116
Q

How does a CT scan work

A

It’s a measure of X-ray absorption at several positions around the head which is digitally reconstructed.
Low resolution anatomical map based on tissue density

117
Q

What is an MRI used for

A

To show great structural detail and recognize subtle changes in the brain

118
Q

How does MRI work

A

Uses magnets
Magnets cause protons in brain tissue to line up in parallel
Radio waves projected at protons altering the the spin of the proton
As the protons reconfigure themselves and this emits radio waves
Radio waves differ based on tissue density
Ex:more water in ventricles=more protons

119
Q

What is the primary source of energy for the brain

A

Glucose

120
Q

How does the brain get oxygen and glucose

A

Through blood flow

121
Q

What does fMRI measure

A

Change in magnetization between oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood (deoxygenated blood is more magnetic than oxygenated blood)

122
Q

What measure does fMRI use

A

BOLD contract (blood oxygen-level dependent)

123
Q

Is fMRI a relative or quantitative measure

A

Relative

124
Q

What does fMRI detect

A

Small changes in brain metabolism (energy usage) mediated by the change in blood flow and oxygen use in active brain regions

125
Q

How can fMRI be tricky time wise and spatially

A

Neuronal changes occur in milliseconds and it can take seconds for blood flow to change and scan to occur. Spatially fMRI is specific but not specific enough to identify what substructure of structures is active

126
Q

How is a mean difference image obtained in fMRI

A

Brain activity measured w stimulus and control and the difference between those is calculated.
Each participants difference image is averaged to get a mean difference image
A study can take years

127
Q

What does a PET scan measure

A

Radioactive chemicals

128
Q

Where do the radioactive chemicals measured in a PET scan come from

A

Injected into bloodstream

129
Q

What does a PET scan do

A

Maps destination of radioactive chemicals by radioactive emissions

130
Q

What function does a PET scan serve

A

Identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions

131
Q

Example of a PET scan

A

Radioactive ligand bonds to dopamine receptors. If dopamine is released in the brain it will displace the ligand and the signal will decrease indicating an increase in dopamine in that area.

132
Q

What changes in a PET scan

A

The radioactive molecule you use

133
Q

How can a PET scan be used to check for cancer

A

Radioactive glucose injected to check for cancer because cancerous cells will use more glucose and may indicate a mass

134
Q

What is the blood brain barrier

A

it is the part of the brain that blocks the ability of things to cross

135
Q

what is the blood brain barrier composed of

A

endothelial cell tight junctions, astrocyte feet, pericytes and microglia among other things

136
Q

what can pass the blood brain barrier freely

A

oxygen, lipid solubles molecules like hormones, CO2

137
Q

what are the functions of some areas in the brain not protected by the blood brain barrier

A

regions that detect toxins in the blood and induce vomiting

138
Q

how do glucose and amino acids enter the brain

A

specialized transport proteins, some active, some passive facilitated diffusion

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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