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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

(138 cards)

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1
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral lobes
Fornix
Cingulate gyrus

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2
Q

Fissures/sulcus

A

Longitudinal fissure
Ansate sulcus
Lateral/sylvian sulcus
Rhinal sulcus

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3
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Mammillary bodies
Optic tract/nerve/chiasm

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4
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Cerebral peduncles
Tectum
Tegmentum

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5
Q

Nerves in order names

A 
Olfactory 
Occipital 
Occulomotor 
Trochlear
Trigeminal 
Abducens 
Facial 
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharengeal 
Vagus 
Spinal accessory 
Hypoglossal
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6
Q

Structures of the ventricular system

A 
Lateral ventricle 
Interventricular formation 
Third ventricle 
Cerebral aqueduct 
Fourth ventricle 
Central canal
Septum pellucidum 
Choroid plexus
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7
Q

Commisure

A

Corpus callosum

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8
Q

Parts of corpus callosum

A

Genu

Splenium

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9
Q

Function of choroid plexus

A

Secretes CSF

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10
Q

Fornix function

A

Communicates from hippocampus to hypothalamus , mammillary bodies, and anterior group of the thalamic nuclei

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11
Q

Cingulate gyrus function

A

Links cortex and limbic functions

Emotions and behavior regulation

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12
Q

Thalamus function

A

Sensory relay

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13
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Hormone control
Controls motivated behaviors like sex and eating
Controls autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

Parts of tectum

A

Superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

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15
Q

Inferior colliculus function

A

Auditory center

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16
Q

Superior colliculus function

A

Vision center. Vision and hearing integration

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17
Q

Pineal body function

A

Melatonin secretion

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18
Q

Internal capsule function

A

Motor control

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19
Q

External capsule function

A

Secretes acetylcholine

Keeps us awake

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20
Q

Parts of basal ganglia

A 
Putamen 
Globus pallidus 
Caudate nucleus 
Substantia nigra
Nucleus accumbens
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21
Q

Parts of striatum (part of basal ganglia )

A

Putamen and caudate nucleus

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22
Q

Striatum function

A

Receive dopaminergic input from substantia nigra

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23
Q

Globus pallidus function

A

Voluntary and subconscious movement

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24
Q

Periaqueductal grey function and location

A

Pain

Surrounds cerebral aqueduct

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25
Substantia nigra function
Reward and movement (through production of dopamine) | Associated with Parkinson’s
26
Lateral geniculate nucleus function
Visual relay thalamus
27
Medial geniculate nucleus
Auditory relay thalamus
28
Structures of lentiform
Globus pallidus and putamen
29
Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum function
Reward and addiction | Dopaminergic systems
30
3 nerves that move eyes
III-occulomotor IV-trochlear VI- Abducens
31
Trigeminal nerve # and function
V-jaw muscle movement | Face and jaw feeling
32
Facial nerve function and number
VII- facial muscles, salivary and tear glands
33
Superior temporal gyrus
Auditory association cortex | Neurons involved in hearing
34
Post central gyrus
Somatosensory cortex
35
What arteries supply blood to cerebral cortex
cerebral arteries
36
Nucleus
Mass of neurons in CNS with similar traits
37
Locus
Small well defined group of neurons in brain stem
38
Ganglion
Collection of neurons in PNS with similar function
39
Nerve
Bundle of axons in PNS
40
Tract
Collection of Axons in CNS
41
Bundle
A collection of axons that run together but don’t necessarily have the same origin or destination
42
Capsule
Collection of axons that connect cerebellum with brain stem
43
Commissure
Collection of axons that connect two sides of brain
44
Lemniscus
Tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon
45
Rostral
Front
46
Dorsal
Top
47
Caudal
Back
48
Ventral
Bottom
49
Lateral
Towards outside of body
50
Medial
Towards inside of body
51
Cerebral peduncles
Group of axons that connect cerebrum and pons/brain stem
52
Tectum
Roof of the midbrain
53
Tegmentum
Floor of the midbrain
54
Parts of tegmentum
Reticular formation | Substantia nigra
55
Cerebral peduncles include what
Tegmentum
56
Prosencephalon composed of
Telencephalon | Diencephalon
57
Association areas of cortex
Prefrontal cortex Inferotemporal cortex Posterior parietal cortex
58
Motor areas or cortex
Primary motor cortex (pre central gyrus) Supplementary motor area Premotor area
59
Sensory areas of the cortex
Somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus) Visual cortex Auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus) Gustatory cortex
60
Function of insula
Interpreted how body is feeling into emotional sensations | Roller coaster
61
Define rostral, caudal, ventral and dorsal, lateral and medial
``` Rostral is front Caudal is back Dorsal is top Ventral is bottom Lateral is away from midline Medial is close to midline ```
62
Rostral = ?
Anterior
63
Caudal = ?
Posterior
64
Ipsilateral
Same side of midline
65
Contralateral
Opposite side of midline
66
Parts of the PNS
Somatic | Visceral (ANS)
67
Somatic PNS
Innervates joints, skin, muscles
68
Visceral PNS
Autonomic nervous system | Innervates internal organs, blood vessels and glands
69
What else does the PNS do
Sends sensory information from body back to the CNS
70
Gross organization of mammalian central nervous system
Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem Spinal cord
71
Rat and human brain differences
Humans have tiny olfactory bulb And much larger cerebrum
72
Mesencephalon =?
Midbrain
73
Rhombencephalon = ?
Hindbrain
74
Hindbrain includes
Metencephalon | Myelencephalon
75
Function of spinal cord
Brain body information conduit
76
How many spinal nerves are there
31
77
Dorsal root primary function
Sensory
78
Ventral root primary function
Motor
79
Where do dorsal root ganglia synapse
Dorsal horn
80
What is a subdural hematoma
Forms when blood vessels rupture and blood collects between dura and arachnoid membrane
81
Fissures definition
Especially deep groove in cerebrum surface
82
Precentral gyrus
Motor
83
Central sulcus divides what
Frontal and parietal lobe
84
What lobe is that superior temporal gyrus located
Temporal
85
What does the lateral fissure separate
Temporal and frontal lobes
86
Function of the medulla
Vital functions, breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, etc
87
Input nuclei of the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus and putamen (neostriatum) | Receive information and relay it to intrinsic nuclei
88
ignore
overit
89
Output nuclei of basal ganglia
Internal globus pallidus | Pars reticula of substantia nigra
90
Functions of the basal ganglia
A group of brain structures controlling voluntary movements, habitual behaviors, emotions and reward systems.
91
What lies at the tail end of the caudate
Amygdala
92
What is the circle of Willis function
To be able to still provide blood flow to the brain in the event of a blood clot Redundancy
93
What arteries supply blood to the cerebral cortex
Middle, anterior, and posterior cerebral arteries
94
What is the structure of the arteries that supply blood to the brain
Vertebral arteries converge to the basilar artery which separates into the posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery. The posterior communicating artery connects the posterior cerebellar artery to the internal carotid artery which separates into the middle cerebral artery And anterior cerebral artery. The anterior communicating artery connects the anterior cerebral arteries. This is caudal to rostral
95
The brain receives blood from what arteries
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
96
What do the internal carotid and vertebral arteries coalesce into
Basilar artery
97
Where does the basilar artery supply blood to
Back of the brain (cerebellum)
98
What supplies blood to the cerebellum
Superior Cerebellar artery
99
What supplies blood to the cerebrum
Cerebral arteries
100
Where does the internal carotid provide blood flow
Middle of brain and anterior part of brain
101
What are brodmanns areas based on
Cryoarchitectural differences in the brain | Hypothesized physical differences are related to different functions
102
Brodmanns primary somatosensory area
Brodmanns numbered 3,1,2
103
Broddmann’s primary motor area
Brodmann’s area 4
104
Brodmann’s primary visual area
Brodmann’s area 17
105
Brodmann’s auditory areas
Brodmann’s 41/42
106
Brodmann’s Broca’s area
44/45 brodmann’s area
107
Wernickes area function
Language comprehension
108
Broca’s area function
Speech production
109
What are the main structural brain imaging techniques
CT/CAT scans | MRI
110
Functional brain imaging techniques
fMRI | PET
111
What does CT stand for
Computerized tomography
112
What does MRI stand for
Magnetic resonance imaging
113
What does the f in fMRI stand for
Functional
114
What does PET stand for
Positron emission tomography
115
Function of a CT scan
Can help us spot problems like strokes and tumors
116
How does a CT scan work
It’s a measure of X-ray absorption at several positions around the head which is digitally reconstructed. Low resolution anatomical map based on tissue density
117
What is an MRI used for
To show great structural detail and recognize subtle changes in the brain
118
How does MRI work
Uses magnets Magnets cause protons in brain tissue to line up in parallel Radio waves projected at protons altering the the spin of the proton As the protons reconfigure themselves and this emits radio waves Radio waves differ based on tissue density Ex:more water in ventricles=more protons
119
What is the primary source of energy for the brain
Glucose
120
How does the brain get oxygen and glucose
Through blood flow
121
What does fMRI measure
Change in magnetization between oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood (deoxygenated blood is more magnetic than oxygenated blood)
122
What measure does fMRI use
BOLD contract (blood oxygen-level dependent)
123
Is fMRI a relative or quantitative measure
Relative
124
What does fMRI detect
Small changes in brain metabolism (energy usage) mediated by the change in blood flow and oxygen use in active brain regions
125
How can fMRI be tricky time wise and spatially
Neuronal changes occur in milliseconds and it can take seconds for blood flow to change and scan to occur. Spatially fMRI is specific but not specific enough to identify what substructure of structures is active
126
How is a mean difference image obtained in fMRI
Brain activity measured w stimulus and control and the difference between those is calculated. Each participants difference image is averaged to get a mean difference image A study can take years
127
What does a PET scan measure
Radioactive chemicals
128
Where do the radioactive chemicals measured in a PET scan come from
Injected into bloodstream
129
What does a PET scan do
Maps destination of radioactive chemicals by radioactive emissions
130
What function does a PET scan serve
Identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions
131
Example of a PET scan
Radioactive ligand bonds to dopamine receptors. If dopamine is released in the brain it will displace the ligand and the signal will decrease indicating an increase in dopamine in that area.
132
What changes in a PET scan
The radioactive molecule you use
133
How can a PET scan be used to check for cancer
Radioactive glucose injected to check for cancer because cancerous cells will use more glucose and may indicate a mass
134
What is the blood brain barrier
it is the part of the brain that blocks the ability of things to cross
135
what is the blood brain barrier composed of
endothelial cell tight junctions, astrocyte feet, pericytes and microglia among other things
136
what can pass the blood brain barrier freely
oxygen, lipid solubles molecules like hormones, CO2
137
what are the functions of some areas in the brain not protected by the blood brain barrier
regions that detect toxins in the blood and induce vomiting
138
how do glucose and amino acids enter the brain
specialized transport proteins, some active, some passive facilitated diffusion

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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