Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
What is the most numerous cell in the CNS?
A
glial cells
2
Q
What are the four types of glial cell?
A
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglia
- ependymal
3
Q
What do astrocytes do?
A
- role in support as there is no connective tissue in the CNS
- maintain BBB
- environmental homeostasis
4
Q
What do oligodendrocytes do?
A
produce myelin in the CNS (not in the PNS) by wrapping themselves around the axons
5
Q
What do microglia do?
A
similar to macrophages so are part of immune system in brain
6
Q
What do ependymal cells do?
A
coat the ventricles of the brain and are ciliated
7
Q
What are gyri and sulci?
A
valleys = sulcus (deep one is a fissure) projections = gyrus
8
Q
What is the arrangement of matter in the brain?
A
grey matter surrounds white matter
9
Q
What is in the grey and white matter in the brain?
A
grey = neurons and synapses white = axons and connections
10
Q
What is the gross structure of the spinal cord?
A
- grey matter on inside with H shape
- white matter around this
11
Q
What separates the two hemispheres?
A
longitudinal fissure
12
Q
What separates the temporal and parietal lobes?
A
the lateral fissure
13
Q
What connects the right and left brain?
A
corpus callosum
14
Q
What connects the third and fourth ventricles?
A
the cerebral aqueduct
15
Q
What is the fifth lobe of the brain?
A
the insular lobe is deep within and is important for pain perception
16
Q
What are the layers of mater in the CNS from superficial to deep?
A
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
…subarachnoid space with CSF… - pia mater
17
Q
What connects the lateral and 3rd ventricles?
A
- interventricular foramen connects each lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle
- septum pellucida isolates the two lateral ventricles from each other
18
Q
What is the venous drainage of the brain?
A
dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular
19
Q
What marks the beginning of the midbrain?
A
the two black stripes of the substantia nigra
20
Q
What are the internal capsules?
A
the two white matter tracts moving down towards the brainstem
21
Q
What is included in the arterial supply to the brain?
A
- internal carotid: internal carotid, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral
- vertebro-basilar: posterior cerebral, basilar and vertebral
22
Q
Where are the two enlargements in the spinal cord?
A
cervical region
lumbar region
23
Q
Where does the spinal cord end?
A
- L2 at the conus medullaris
- filum terminale then out of the dura
- attaches to coccyx
24
Q
How is the spinal cord attached along its length?
A
by denticulate ligaments to the spine
25
How can you tell the difference between the posterior and anterior horns in the spinal cord?
posterior extend all the way to the surface of the spinal cord but anterior doesn't
26
What is the lateral horn of the spinal cord?
T1-L2 and contains the sympathetic neurons
27
What is the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord?
- one anterior and two posterior arteries go down length
| - segmental and radicular arteries too
28
What is the venous drainage of the spinal cord?
plexus in the epidural space (not present in the brain) can be used to insert drugs into
29
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
the postcentral gyrus
30
What does the dorsal/medial lemniscus system do?
SENSORY
| fine touch and conscious proprioception especially from the upper limb and fibres cross in the medulla
31
What is the pathway for sensory part of the spinal cord?
- impulses move upon with lower limb impulses more lateral than upper limb
- synapse at medulla and cross sides here
- ascend to lemniscus at thalamus and synapse
- third neuron goes to primary somatosensory cortex
32
What does the spinothalamic tract do?
SENSORY
| pain, temperature and deep pressure impulses
33
What is the pathway for the spinothalamic tract?
- firstly fibres cross after synapsing in posterior horn
| - goes to the sensory cortex
34
Where is the primary motor complex in the brain?
precentral gyrus
35
What does the corticospinal tract do?
MOTOR
| motor impulses including fine, precise movement of distal limb muscles
36
What is the pathway of the corticospinal tract?
- most of the fibres cross to form the lateral CST
- the rest don't and form the ventral CST
- ridges are formed so it is aka the pyramidal tract
37
What does the tectospinal tract do?
MOTOR
| mediates reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli
38
What does the reticulospinal tract do?
MOTOR
| many functions including influencing voluntary movement
39
What does the vestibulospinal tract do?
MOTOR
| helps with 'antigravity' extensor muscles
40
What is the cerebellum's main role?
movement
41
What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?
anterior lobe
posterior lobe
flocculonodular
42
What separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?
primary fissure
43
How does the cerebellum attach to the brain?
by three peduncles below the tentorium cerebelli
44
What is the inside structure of the cerebellum?
- deep grey matter inside the white matter
| - three layers of the cortex are molecular, purkinje cells and the granular inner layer
45
What are the inputs of information to the cerebellum?
- spinal cord
- cerebral cortex
- vestibular apparatus
46
Where does the information go from the cerebellum to?
out from the purkinje fibres to the thalamus
47
What is the flocculonodular node of the cerebellum for?
coordinating information from the vestibular cells (aka vestibulocerebellum)
48
What is the vermis of the cerebellum for?
(central stripe) is for coordinating posture (spinocerebellum)
49
What is the rest of the cerebellum for?
(not vermis or flocculonodular lobe)
| coordinating conscious movement (pontocerebellum)
50
What are the basal ganglia for?
- purposeful movement
- stop unwanted movement
- posture
51
What are the deep grey matter structures (basal ganglia) of the cerebrum?
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
- sub thalamic nucleus
- substantia nigra
52
What are the basal ganglia equations?
- all = ganglia
- putamen + globus pallidus = lenticular nucleus
- caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum
- caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus = corpus striatum
53
What does the direct path in the cerebellum do?
enhances outflow of the thalamus so encourages desired movement
54
What does the indirect path in the cerebellum do?
inhibits outflow of the thalamus so suppresses unwanted movement
55
What is the difference between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum?
cerebellum = ipsilateral brain
| basal ganglia = contralateral effect because they are part of the cerebral hemispheres
56
What do lesions of the basal ganglia cause?
changes in muscle tone and dyskinesias eg parkinson’s and huntington’s disease
57
In what direction do the cranial nerves exit?
- trochlear exits posteriorly
- vestibulocochlear exits laterally
- all others exit anteriorly
58
What cranial nerves use the solitary nucleus?
CN VII, IX, X
59
What cranial nerves use the superior and inferior salivary nuclei?
CN VII and IX
60
What cranial nerves use the nucleus ambiguus?
CN IX, X and cranial part of XI
61
What is the corticobulbar tract?
part of the corticospinal tract which is motor to cranial nerves (CN V, VII, X and XII) which does voluntary movement
62
What is the reticular formation important for?
ARAS which wakes up the cortex
63
What and where are the colliculi?
- midbrain
| - two inferior and two superior
64
What are the colliculi for?
used in hearing impulses
65
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
superior temporal lobe
66
What is Broca's area for and what would a lesion here cause?
production of speech (not understanding) so lesion would cause expressive aphasia
67
What is Wernicke's area for and what would a lesion here cause?
understanding language so a lesion would cause receptive aphasia
68
Where is the primary vestibular cortex?
lower postcentral gyrus
69
What is the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus for?
visual information
70
What is the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus for?
main auditory nucleus
71
Where is the primary visual cortex?
posterior near the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe
72
How are the lower and upper visual fields projected to the visual centre?
lower visual field goes to the superior gyrus so above the calcirine sulcus and vice versa
73
Where is the primary gustatory cortex?
bottom of the postcentral gyrus
74
What is Meyer's loop?
the inferior optic reductions have to loop around the lateral ventricle
75
What are the symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction within the pneumonic DANISH?
- Dysdiadochokinesia
- Ataxia
- Nystagmus
- Intention tremor
- Scanning dysarthria
- Hypotonia
