Neuroanatomy - Brain anatomy and localisation

Question 1

How many of the cranial nerves come from the brainstem

Answer 1

10

Question 2

What are the 12 cranial nerves

Answer 2

1. Olfactory nerve (I)
2. Optic nerve (II)
3. Oculomotor nerve (III)
4. Trochlear nerve (IV)
5. Trigeminal nerve (V)
6. Abducens nerve (VI)
7. Facial nerve (VII)
8. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
10. Vagus nerve (X)
11. Accessory nerve (XI)
12. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Question 3

Which of the cranial nerves do not originate in the brainstem?

Answer 3

The Olfactory Nerve (I) & the Optic nerve (II)

Question 4

Which of the cranial nerves come from the dorsal aspect

Answer 4

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Question 5

Where is the diencephalon found? What does it to?

Answer 5

• Sits on top of the brainstem
• Connects it to the cerebral hemisphere

Question 6

Describe the thalamus

Answer 6

• Made up of several nuclei
• Relay station between parts of the CNS

Question 7

Describe the hypothalamus

Answer 7

• Made up of several nuclei
• Autonomic and endocrine functions

Question 8

Describe the epithalamus

Answer 8

Includes pineal gland

Question 9

Describe the subthalamus

Answer 9

Involved in motor control

Question 10

How is the structure of the cerebral hemispheres adapted

Answer 10

Heavily folded to increase the surface area

Question 11

Whats the difference between grey matter and white matter

Answer 11

Grey matter - Has cell bodies
White matter - Nerve axons

Question 12

What are some sulci used to do

Answer 12

Divide the specific hemispheres into lopes
- Parietal lobe: Sensory cortex, language, comprehension and spatial orientation
- Frontal lobe: Motor cortex, regulating emotions
- Temporal lobe: Auditory cortex, regulates emotions
- Occipital lobe: Visual cortex

Question 13

Fill in the gaps

Answer 13

Question 14

Fill in the gaps (the primary projection areas)

Question 15

What are sensory areas

Answer 15

Where specific sensory pathways terimnate

Question 16

What are the 3 sensory areas called

Answer 16

• General sensory
• Visual
• Auditory

Question 17

Where is the general sensory area found

Answer 17

On the postcentral gyrus

Question 18

Where is the visual sensory area found

Answer 18

On the striae cortex - Formed byt he occipital pole + around the calcarine sulcus

Question 19

Where is the auditory area found

Answer 19

Heschl’s gyrus

Question 20

What are motor areas

Answer 20

Major descending motor pathways originate here

Question 21

Where is the primary motor cortex found

Answer 21

On the precentral gyrus

Question 22

Whats the role of the secondary sensory areas

Answer 22

• Receive input from primary sensory area
• Involved in interpretation and understanding

Question 23

Whats the role of the secondary motor areas

Answer 23

• Send output to primary motor area
• Organise patterns of movement

Question 24

What are the secondary motor areas called

Answer 24

• Pre-motor cortex
• Supplementary motor area
• Frontal eye field

Question 25

Where is the pre-motor cortex found

Answer 25

Anterior to the precentral sulcus on the lateral surface

Question 26

Where is the supplementary motor area found

Answer 26

Anterior to the precentral sulcus on the medial surface

Question 27

Where is the frontal eye field found

Answer 27

Anterior to the pre-motor cortex

Question 28

Whats the role of the pre-frontal cortex

Answer 28

• Motor cortex
• Regulating emotions

Question 29

Describe the secondary auditory area

Answer 29

• Found in the left hemisphere, specialised for linguistic function
• Broca’s area: Anterior, motor, production of words
• Wernicke’s area: Posterior, sensory, understanding

Question 30

Whats the role of the pre-frontal cortex

Answer 30

Regulating emotions

Question 31

Describe the frontal lobe

Answer 31

• Where the precentral gyrus is found
• Motor fibres found here affect the contralateral side of the body (controls movement of the other side of the body)

Question 32

Describe the parietal lobe

Answer 32

• Where the postcentral gyrus is found
• Responsible for general somatosensory perception - right side of the brain receives messages fromt he left side of the body

Question 33

Describe hemispheres and what damage to one may cause

Answer 33

• Hemispheres have some specific dominant functions; the left hemisphere houses areas specialised for linguistic function
• Damage to the left hemisphere have aphasia