Neuroanatomy/Embryology Flashcards
MRA of COW - Axial
•1 - Anterior Cerebral
- 2 – Middle Cerebral
- 3 – Posterior Cerebral
- 4 – Basilar
- 5 – Vertebral
- 6 – Internal Carotid
MRA of COW - Coronal
•1 - Anterior Cerebral
- 2 – Middle Cerebral
- 3 – Posterior Cerebral
- 4 – Basilar
- 5 – Vertebral
- 6 – Internal Carotid
MRA of COW - Sagittal
- 1 - Anterior Cerebral
- 2 – Middle Cerebral
- 3 – Posterior Cerebral
- 4 – Basilar
- 5 – Vertebral
- 6 – Internal Carotid
- A Transverse Sinus
- B Sigmoid Sinus
- C Superior Sagittal Sinus
- D Straight Sinus
- E Internal Jugular Vein
- C Superior Sagittal Sinus
- D Straight Sinus
- F Internal Jugular Vein
- G Internal Cerebral Vein
Trolard - drains into the superior sagittal sinus
Labbe - drains into the transverse sinus
Sylvian or Middle Cerebral Vein drains to cavernous sinus
A P-comm
B Distal ICA
C Petrosal ICA
D ACA
E A-comm
The medial & anterior nucleus of the thalamus is supplied by what arteries?
•Thalamoperforating
•Thalamogeniculate
•Inferior Thalamic
•Postero-medial choroidal
Thalamoperforating
•Brachiocephalic / Innominate
–A
•External Carotid
–B
•Vertebral
–C
•Subclavian
–D
•Basilar
–E
The oculomotor nerve passes between what two arteries?
- A. SCA & AICA
- B. AICA & PICA
- C. SCA & PCA
- D. PCA & MCA
- E. ACA & MCA
•C. SCA & PCA
Leaves the midbrain in the interpeduncular fossa, passing between the superior cerebellar artery and the posterior cerebral artery and enters the dura
Then passes through wall of cavernous sinus to reach superior orbital fissure to reach orbit
Contents of the Cavernous Sinus
The medulla is derived from what structure?
•Metencephalon
•Mesencephalon
•Myelencephalon
•Prosencephalon
Myelencephalon
A lesion to which nuclei can cause impaired phonation?
- Nucleus Solitarius
- Nucleus Ambiguus
- Nucleus Basalis
- Locus Ceruleus
Nucleus Ambiguus
Contains motor neurons that supply striated muscles of
–Palate, Pharynx, Larynx
What neurotransmitter is found at the ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system?
- Norepinepherine
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
- Glutamate
Acetylcholine
What structure contains high concentrations of glutamate?
- Laterodorsal Tegmental Nuclei
- Pontomesencephalic Reticular Nucleus
- Dorsal Raphe Magnus Nuclei
- Ventral Periaqueductal Gray
Pontomesencephalic Reticular Nucleus
- What structure projects to the subthalamic nucleus?
- The above structure projects inhibitory or excitatory input
- Is the above structure part of the direct or indirect pathway
Globus pallidus externa
Inhibitory
Indirect
Which of the following statements is correct?
–The STN receives excitatory input from the GPe
–The STN receives inhibitory input from the GPe
–The STN receives excitatory input from the GPi
–The STN receives excitatory input from the GPi
The STN receives inhibitory input from the GPe
A lesion to which thalamic nuclei can cause amnesia problems?
•Anterior Nucleus
•Intralaminar
•Pulvinar
•MGN
Anterior Nucleus
A lesion to which thalamic nuclei can cause poor executive function problems?
•Anterior Nucleus
•Dorsomedial
•Pulvinar
•MGN
Dorsomedial
- Amnesia
- Executive & behavioral dysfunction
- Lack of motivational drive
- Multi-modal attention affected
- schizophrenia
Which cortical layer sends out the largest pyramidal neurons?
•Layer 2
•Layer 3
•Layer 4
•Layer 5
Layer 5
•Layer 4
–Input from thalamus
- terminates @ external band of Baillarger
–If in V1 – line of Gennari
•Layer 5
–Largest pyramidal neurons
–Sends outputs to brainstem & SC via pyramidal tract
•Layer 6
–Output to thalamus
Which tracts are likely to be affected first by an extrinsic lateral process?
Spinocerebellar
Corticospinal
Fasciculus Gracilis
Reticulospinal
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar
The thoracodorsal nerve comes off of what cord and what does it innervate?
Posterior
Latissimus Dorsi
The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve comes from what cord?
Medial
The suprascapular nerve comes from what trunk?
Upper
The posterior interosseous branch comes from what nerve?
Radial
Which artery can cause bilateral thalamic and midbrain infarcts?
Artery of Percheron
arises from proximal P1
Describe the innervation of the digastric muscle
- anterior belly
- posterior belly
The ANTerior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by CN 5 while the POSTerior belly of the digastric is innervated by CN7
“ANT is before POST, so CN V innervates the ANT and CN VII innervates the POST”
CN5
- innervates masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid
- anterior belly digastric
- mylohyoid
- tensor veli palatini
- tensor tympani
CN7
- posterior belly digastric
- styloidhyoid
- stapedius of inner ear
- buccinator
- frontalis
- occipitalis, orbicularis oculi/oris
- nasalis
- depressor anguli oris
- platysma
Patient presents with bilateral upper extremity weakness (distal worse than proximal) with sensory level of decreased pinprick sensation but preserved fine touch and vibratory sensation.
Where is the lesion?
Syringomyelia
“cape-like” distribution is most suggestive of a central cord syndrome.
A central cord lesion affecting the anterior commissure will affect the crossing spinothalamic tracts resulting in sensory deficits only at the level of the lesion, without causing more caudal sensory deficits, and will spare vibration and light touch since the dorsal columns are spared.
Describe the main origins of branches supplying the thalamus
The thalamus is supplied mainly by the branches of the
- *posterior cerebral**,
- *posterior communicating**, and
- *posterior choroidal** arteries
What is the first major branch of the internal carotid artery?
Ophthalmic artery
(The ICA does not have any branches extracranially)
