Neuroanatomy Event

Question 1

Frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for?

Answer 1

Motor
Urination
Major cognition

Question 2

Temporal lobe of brain is responsible for?

Answer 2

Memory

Question 3

Parietal lobe of brain is responsible for?

Answer 3

Sensory

Question 4

Occipital lobe of brain responsible for?

Answer 4

Vision

Question 5

Cerebellum function?

Answer 5

Regulation of movement

Question 6

Characteristics of dura mater?

Answer 6

Outermost meningeal layer
Tough/fibrous
Sensory nerve supply from trigeminal nerve
Encloses rural venous sinuses “subdursl haemorrhage”.

Question 7

Characteristics of arachnoid mater?

Answer 7

Middle meningeal layer
Arachnoid granulations (reabsorb CSF)
Lies outside of the subarachnoid space

Question 8

Characteristics of subarachnoid space?

Answer 8

Contains circulating CSF
Risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage

Question 9

Characteristics of pia mater?

Answer 9

Adherent to brain (hence nicknamed “faithful mother”) and contains blood vessels and nerves entering or leaving the brain.

Question 10

What are the falx cerebri and tentori cerebellum?

Answer 10

Contained within the dura mater. These help to separate different lobes of the brain.

Question 11

Subarachnoid space contains circulating CSF, what produces the CSF and what happens to it?

Answer 11

Produced by the choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles and reabsorbed into the dorsal venous sinus.

Question 12

Extradural bleeding characteristics?

Answer 12

Between bone of skull and dura
Ruptured middle meningeal artery
Trauma to pterion where middle meningeal artery passes under

Question 13

Subdural bleeding characteristics?

Answer 13

Separates dura from arachnoid
Torn cerebral veins
Falls in the elderly is a common cause

Question 14

Subarachnoid haemorrhage characteristics?

Answer 14

Into CSF of the subarachnoid space
Ruptured circle of Willis (“berry aneurysm”)
Congenital aneurysm

Question 15

What are the main arterial supplies of the brain areas?

Answer 15

Posterior brain - posterior cerebral artery
Lateral brain - middle cerebral artery
Anterior brain - anterior cerebral artery

Question 16

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN 5)?

Answer 16

CN V1 - Ophthalmic nerve
CN V2 - Maxillary nerve
CN V3 - Mandibular nerve

Question 17

Trigeminal nerve is mixed modality. True/false?

Answer 17

True. CN V1 and V2 are sensory whilst CN V3 is both sensory and motor.

Question 18

CN V1 supplies sensation to what areas of the face?

Answer 18

Skin over upper eyelid
Cornea
All the conjunctiva
Skin at the root/bridge of the nose

Question 19

CN V2 supplies sensation to what areas of the face?

Answer 19

Skin of lower eyelid
Skin over maxilla
Skin of the ala of the nose (edge of the nostrils).

Question 20

CN V3 supplies sensation to what areas of the face?

Answer 20

Skin over the mandible and TMJ (apart from the angle of the mandible - supplied by C2, C3 spinal nerves).

Question 21

The layers of the scalp can be remembered using the mnemonic S.C.A.L.P. What does this stand for?

Answer 21

Skin (outermost)
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis (sheet of white fibrous tissue)
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium/periosteum

Question 22

Glossopharyngeal nerve characteristics?

Answer 22

Special sensory to posterior 1/3rd of tongue
GAG reflex
Palatine tonsil
Eustachian tube
Middle ear cavity

Question 23

Spinal accessory nerve has only motor innervation. True/false?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What muscles does spinal accessory nerve innervate?

Answer 24

Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid

Question 25

Clinical testing of spinal accessory nerve?

Answer 25

Shrugging the shoulders and turning the head to each side.

Question 26

Is this the correct order? Rootlets to roots to nerve to rami

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

Ventral roots = ? modality

Answer 27

Motor

Question 28

Dorsal roots = ? modality

Answer 28

Sensory

Question 29

How many vertebrae in the body? What does it consist of?

Answer 29

33 vertebrae 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral - fuse to form 1 sacrum 4 coccygeal - fuse to form 1 coccyx

Question 30

What do intrinsic muscles of the back do?

Answer 30

Help to maintain posture, long muscles that travel the length of the spine.

Question 31

Examples of intrinsic muscles of the back?

Answer 31

Transversospinalis (deep) Erector spinae (superficial, tucked into vertebrae).

Question 32

Where are epidural anaesthetics usually administered?

Answer 32

L3/L4 level just before the spine becomes the cauda equina.

Question 33

Bicep reflex spinal nerve pair?

Answer 33

C5/C6

Question 34

Knee reflex spinal nerve pair?

Answer 34

L3/L4

Question 35

Ankle reflex spinal nerve pair?

Answer 35

S1/S2

Question 36

Ankle, bicep and knee spinal reflex rhyme?

Answer 36

1,2 buckle my shoe. Sural - ankle 3,4 kick down the door. Lumbar - knee 5,6 pick up a stick. Cervical - bicep

Question 37

Paralysis characteristics

Answer 37

When muscle is without a functioning motor nerve supply. Paralysed muscle cannot contract. On examination there is reduced tone

Question 38

Spasticity characteristics

Answer 38

When muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve. Descending controls from the brain do not work. Muscle has increased tone on examination.

Question 39

Difference between haemorrhage and haematoma?

Answer 39

Haemorrhage = profuse bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel or copious blood loss. Haematoma = localized bleeding outside of blood vessels.

Question 40

Subarachnoid haemorrhage?

Answer 40

Bleeding in the space between the brain and the surrounding membrane. Classically causes a sudden occipital headache which can be described as very severe. On CT scan, subarachnoid haemorrhage will show light grey in subarachnoid space (centre of brain image) for the CSF whereas normal will be dark grey.

Question 41

Intracerebral haematoma?

Answer 41

An intracerebral (or intraparenchymal) haemorrhage is a collection of blood within the substance of the brain. Causes / risk factors include: hypertension, vascular lesion (e.g. aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation), cerebral amyloid angiopathy, trauma, brain tumour or infarct (particularly in stroke patients undergoing thrombolysis). Presents with hyperdensity (bright lesion) on CT scan within substance of the brain.

Question 42

Subdural haematoma?

Answer 42

Bleeding into the outermost meningeal layer. Most commonly occur around the frontal and parietal lobes. Risk factors include old age, alcoholism and anticoagulation. "Banana" shaped lesion on CT scan. Remember suB= Banana

Question 43

Epidural (extradural) haematoma?

Answer 43

Bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the skull. Often results from acceleration-deceleration trauma or a blow to the side of the head. Majority of time occurs at the pterion (thinnest area of the skull) which passes over the middle meningeal artery. Has a convex "lemon" shaped lesion on CT scan. Remember Epi=Pie=Lemon

Question 44

Triceps tendon reflex nerve root?

Answer 44

C6/C7 however predominantly C7

Question 45

Acute subdural haemorrhage on CT scan?

Answer 45

Crescent shaped on scan and usually white in colour.

Question 46

Chronic subdural haemorrhage on CT scan?

Answer 46

Crescent shaped on scan and usually dark/black in colour.