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Bx Neuroscience > Neuroanatomy (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy (Exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what secondary vesicles make up the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain?

A

forebrain = telencephalon, diencephalon
midbrain = mesencephalon
hindbrain = metencephalon, myelencephalon

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2
Q

what are the two parts of the PNS? what to those things divide into?

A

somatic NS = sensory, motor
autonomic NS = para, symp

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3
Q

do the cranial and spinal nerves belong to the CNS or PNS? what is the one exception?

A

PNS
- except optic nerve (CNS)

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4
Q

nucleus vs ganglion

A

collection of neuron somas
- nucleus = CNS
- ganglion = PNS

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5
Q

tracts vs nerves

A

bundle of axons projecting
- tracts = CNS
- nerves = PNS

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6
Q

rostral & caudal

A

rostral = front of brain
caudal = back of brain

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7
Q

dorsal & ventral

A

dorsal = upper half
ventral = lower half

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8
Q

superior & inferior

A

superior = towards head (top of body)
inferior = toward feet (bottom of body)

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9
Q

anterior & posterior

A

anterior = front of body (face)
posterior = back of body (spine)

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10
Q

medial & lateral

A

medial = towards middle
lateral = towards outside

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11
Q

ipsilateral & contralateral

A

ipsilateral = same side
contralateral = opposite side

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12
Q

afferent & efferent

A

afferent = body to CNS
efferent = CNS to body

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13
Q

decussate

A

crossing to contralateral side

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14
Q

coronal cut

A

front vs back

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15
Q

horizontal cut

A

top vs bottom

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16
Q

sagittal cut

A

left vs right

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17
Q

what are the four primary lobes?

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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18
Q

what are the four primary cortices? where are they located at in the brain?

A

M1 (motor) = precentral gyrus
S1 (somatosensory) = postcentral gyrus
A1 (auditory) = superior temporal gyrus
V1 (visual) = calcarine cortex

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19
Q

where is the insula located at?

A

w/in lateral fissure
- b/w frontal and temporal lobes

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20
Q

where do the inputs of the insula come from?

A

HEAVY INPUTS (lots of communication)
- sensory, limbic, autonomic, & frontal lobe

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21
Q

what are the functions of the insula? (5)

A
  • somatosensory (external, internal)
  • emotion (negative, social)
  • motivation (risk, reward)
  • cognitive inclusive executive function (attention, memory, inhibitory)
  • gustatory, olfactory
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22
Q

what are three meninges layers? (connective tissue)

A

dura mater (tough, outer layer)
arachnoid membrane (subarachnoid space, CSF)
pia mater (soft, inner layer)

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23
Q

what is the ventricular system?

A

interconnected, fluid-filled spaces that continue into subarachnoid space (4 ventricles / chambers)

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24
Q

what is the fluid in the ventricular system? where is it produced from? describe it’s impact on the brain

A

CSF from the choroid plexus (used as shock absorber)
- 125mL, t(1/2) = 3 hours
- buoyancy = 1400g (brain itself) -> 50g (brain in fluid)
- hydrocephalus = blockage of CSF flow

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25
describe the pathway of the ventricular system
1. lateral ventricles 2. third ventricle (splits thalamus & hypothalamus) 3. cerebral aqueduct 4. fourth ventricle (b/w brainstem) 5. central canal (spinal cord)
26
what are the three types of fibers in the forebrain?
commissural fibers association fibers projection fibers
27
what are commissural fibers? give the two examples
interconnect homologous (same) structures in each hemisphere - corpus callosum, hippocampal fissure (commissure of fornix)
28
what are association fibers? give an example
interconnect cortical areas w/in each hemisphere (same side of brain) - postcentral gyrus -> precentral gyrus
29
what are projection fibers? give three examples
all other CNS fiber system - fornix, corticospinal tract, mammillothalamic tract
30
what is the limbic system's function?
emotion, learning, memory
31
what is apart of the limbic systems cortical areas?
cingulate nucleus hippocampus
32
what is apart of the limbic systems subcortical areas?
thalamus hypothalamus mammillary bodies olfactory bulbs fornic amygdala (in both cortical and subcortical)
33
where are basal ganglia?
in the subcortical areas of the limbic system - apart of the extrapyramidal motor system (outside motor pathway)
34
what are the components of basal ganglia? (4)
caudate putamen globus pallidus claustrum (highly integrated)
35
what is the caudate & putamen area called?
striatum
36
what is the putamen & globus pallidus area called?
lenticular nucleus
37
where are most of the neurons and cerebral hemispheres loacted at?
cortex
38
what part of the neuron is in the gray matter?
neuron somas & dendrites
39
what are the three layers of the telencephalon? give the alternative name and list how many layers are within that layer
neocortex = 6 layers (majority) archicortex (hippocampus) = less than 6 layers paleocortex (prepyriform) = 3 layers (olfactory nerve enters here)
40
what are the three inputs in the neocortex? which of the six layers does the input go to?
thalamus = layer 4 brainstem modulatory system (DA, NE, 5-HT, ACh) = layer 1-6 other cortices = layers 1-5
41
what are the four outputs of the neocortex? which of the six layers does the output come from?
ipsilateral cortices = layer 2 contralateral cortices = layer 3 subcortical areas = layer 5 thalamus = layer 6
42
which of the three layers of the telencephalon does the olfactory nerve enter?
paleocortex
43
what does the diencephalon surround?
3rd ventricle
44
what are the two parts of the thalamus? what are their functions? where are the located at in the thalamus (ventral / dorsal)
lateral geniculate nuclei = process visual info, VENTRAL medial geniculate nuclei = process auditory info, DORSAL
45
what are the two types of neurons in the thalamus?
somatosensory nuclei (pain, touch) motor nuclei
46
where in the thalamus do the somatosensory nuclei send info to? (3)
ventral basal ventroposterior (VPL, VPM) intralaminar
47
where in the thalamus do the motor nuclei send info to? (2)
ventral anterior ventral lateral
48
what is the function of the hypothalmus?
motivation, emotion, homeostasis
49
describe the role of the integration center of the hypothalamus
regulates critical survival systems (fight, food, etc.) compares current state w/ biological setpoints
50
what are the 4 hypothalamus inputs?
forebrain, brainstem, spinal cord, chemosensory neurons
51
what are the 3 hypothalamus outputs to the effectors?
autonomic motor neuroendocrine
52
what does the mesencephalon surround?
cerebral aqueduct
53
what are the two parts of the mesencephalon?
tectum (dorsal) = orienting reflexes tegmentum (ventral)
54
what are the two components of the tectum? functions?
superior colliculi = vision inferior colliculi = auditory
55
what are the four components of the tegmentum? functions?
- periaqueductal gray = analgesia (pain) - reticular formation = sleep, arousal, attention - red nucleus (indirect pathway into SC) & substantia nigra (execute, initiate movement, DA) = motor system - ventral tegmental area = reinforcement, DA
56
what is Parkinsons Disease?
loss of substantia nigra DA neurons - makes it less pigmented
57
what gives the dark pigmentation of the substantia nigra? where does this also occur?
neuromelanin-pigmented cells - also occurs in locus coeruleus NE neurons
58
what does the metencephalon surround?
4th ventricle
59
what are the two parts of the metencephalon? functions?
pons = sleep, arousal, connected w/ locus coerulus &. RF cerebellum = coordinates movement
60
what part does the myelencephalon have? function?
medulla = vital center, connects w/ RF & pyramids
61
dorsal root ganglion (input or output, sensory or motor)?
sensory input
62
ventral root (input or output, sensory or motor)?
motor output
63
dorsal horn (input or output, sensory or motor)?
sensory input
64
lateral horn (input or output, sensory or motor, or trick question)?
sympathetic NS (thoracic, lumbar)
65
ventral horn (input or output, sensory or motor)?
motor output
66
where in the body does the lateral pathway of the motor tract go to?
distal limbs & decussate at pyramids of medulla - contralateral side of SC - corticospinal & corticorubrospinal
67
where in the body does the ventral corticospinal tract of the motor tract go to?
proximal limbs - no decussation, terminate bilaterally
68
where in the body do the dorsal column-medial lemniscal tracts go to? what is their function?
starts at the dorsal columns and ascends ipsilaterally and synapses & decussates at medulla - touch, vibration, proprioception (position)
69
where in the body do the spinothalamic tracts go to? what is their function?
synapse & decussate at SC and scends contralaterally via anterolateral columns - pain, temp, itch
70
what are the three DESCENDING motor tracts?
corticospinal, corticorubrospinal (lateral pathway) ventral corticospinal tract
71
what are the two ASCENDING motor tracts? (toward CNS, afferent)
dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract spinothalamic tract
72
what is the definition of neuroscience?
study of the NS development & organization (function & bx)
73
what are dimorphisms?
multiple, consistent patterns of bx in a single species

Bx Neuroscience (4 decks)

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