Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology

Question 1

What is it called when you look at the brain from below?

Answer 1

Ventral view

Question 2

What is it called when you look at the brain from above?

Answer 2

Dorsal view

Question 3

What direction is the frontal part of the brain referred to as?

Answer 3

Anterior

Question 4

What direction is the forebrain referred to as?

Answer 4

Posterior

Question 5

What is a coronal plane?

Answer 5

A vertical plane that divides a part of the brain into dorsal and ventral

Question 6

What is a Sagittal plane?

Answer 6

Dividing brain into left and right sides

Question 7

What is a horizontal plane?

Answer 7

Dividing brain into superior and inferior parts

Question 8

What are two parts of the peripheral nervous system called?

Answer 8

Autonomic and Somatic

Question 9

What are the two parts of the SNS?

Answer 9

Sensory (afferent) & Motor (efferent)

Question 10

What are two parts of the ANS?

Answer 10

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

Question 11

What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do?

Answer 11

Arouse

Question 12

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?

Answer 12

Calm

Question 13

Name 3 areas of the brain that are involved in the Central Nervous System

Answer 13

Forebrain, Midbrain & Hindbrain

Question 14

What structures are in the Forebrain?

Answer 14

Cerebrum, Subcortical (basal ganglia & limbic system), Thalamus & Hypothalamus

Question 15

Name the structures or the Hindbrain

Answer 15

Cerebellum, Pons & Medulla

Question 16

What are the four lobes of the cortex?

Answer 16

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal & Occipital

Question 17

What is the function of the Frontal lobe?

Answer 17

• Social reasoning
• Inhibition of behaviours
• Planning & reasoning
• Movement

Question 18

What is the function of the Parietal lobe?

Answer 18

• processing sensory information
• combines visual and sensory information
• processes symbols in maths and language

Question 19

What is the function of the Temporal lobe?

Answer 19

• Language recognition and production
• Olfactory sensory processing
• Emotional processing
• Memory

Question 20

What is the function of the Occipital lobe?

Answer 20

• Responsible for visual information

Question 21

What structures does the Limbic system consist of?

Answer 21

Cingulate Gyrus, Hypothalamus, Mammillary body, Hippocampus, Amygdala & Olfactory bulb

Question 22

What is the function of the Blood Brain Barrier?

Answer 22

To block chemicals from entering and protect the brain

Question 23

What are the ways that chemicals can pass the BBB?

Answer 23

1. Fat soluble molecules & small uncharged molecules

2. Active transport system

Question 24

What are the 3 layers of meninges called?

Answer 24

1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater

Question 25

Outline Luria’s Model of Brain Functioning I

Answer 25

Cortical areas in the posterior and anterior brain that are structured as follows: 1. Primary - unimodal sensation(s)/execution(m) 2. Secondary - Unimodal elaboration (s) /sequencing(m) 3. Tertiary - Heteromodal integration(s)/planning (m)

Question 26

Mesulum’s model theorizes that the two brain hemispheres are responsible for…

Answer 26

1. Right - spatial attention | 2. Left- language network

Question 27

According to Mesulum, the left hemisphere consists of what language focused areas?

Answer 27

Wernicke’s and Broca’s

Question 28

According to Mesulum, the right hemisphere involves ________ structures in regards to spatial attention.

Answer 28

Dorsal posterior parietal cortex, frontal eye fields and cingulate gyrus

Question 29

According to Mesulum, the areas responsible for memory and emotions are…

Answer 29

Amygdala, Hippocampus & Entorhinal cortex

Question 30

What research methods are used for looking at specific areas (high spatial resolution)?

Answer 30

PET, FMRI & fNIRS

Question 31

What research methods are used for looking at the speed of things (high temporal resolution)?

Answer 31

EEG (sometimes skin conductance and EMG)

Question 32

What research methods are used to stimulate an area?

Answer 32

tDCS & TMS

Question 33

What is microneurography?

Answer 33

Using needle electrodes to measure electrical current from neurons

Question 34

What is fNIRS?

Answer 34

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy which projects light through the scalp and skull into the brain.