Neuroanatomy & Neuroplasticity

Question 1

produce, store and circulate CSF

Answer 1

ventricles

Question 2

3 layers of the brain meninges

Answer 2

pia mater (innermost), arachnoid, dura mater (outermost)

hint: meninges PAD the brain

Question 3

this layer of the meninges molds around sulci and gyri. what is?

Answer 3

pia mater (innermost, beneath sub-arachnoid space)

Question 4

subdural space

Answer 4

beneath dura mater, above arachnoid layer

bleed = subdural hematoma

Question 5

central point for all incoming and outgoing information and basic life functions of brain

Answer 5

Brain stem

Question 6

3 components of brain stem

Answer 6

medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 7

control center for involuntary reflexes such as breathing, HR, BP, swallowing, vomiting

Answer 7

medulla (lowermost part of brain stem)

Question 8

essential for facial movements, facial sensation, hearing, eye movements

Answer 8

pons - connects cerebellum and cerebral cortex

Question 9

part of brain stem involved in vision, hearing, alertness, and arousal

Answer 9

midbrain

Question 10

these nuclei modulate arousal, alertness, concentration, biological rhythms

Answer 10

reticular activating system

Question 11

which sense does NOT pass through diencephalon

Answer 11

smell

all others relay through thalamus

Question 12

controls autonomic nervous system (temp, hunger, thirst, endocrine, sleep-wake, emotion, behavior)

Answer 12

hypothalamus (diencephalon)

Question 13

injury to this brain region affects voluntary motor nerves, causing slowness and muscular rigidity

Answer 13

basal ganglia - regulates motor and premotor cortex

Question 14

controls direction, rate, force, steadiness of movements

Answer 14

cerebellum

Question 15

result of injury to basal ganglia vs cerebellum

Answer 15

basal ganglia - slowness, loss of movement, muscular rigidity

cerebellum - trouble with fine motor movement, trajectory, balance, proprioception

Question 16

gyri vs sulci vs fissures

Answer 16

gyri - elevated ridges
sulci- small grooves
fissures - deep grooves

Question 17

injury to this region of the cortex causes difficulty making decisions, organizing and prioritizing, initiating and inhibiting actions, controlling emotions

Answer 17

prefrontal cortex

Question 18

a patient presents with reduced motivation, impaired attention, and poor judgement following a TBI. What area of their cortex is likely affected?

Answer 18

frontal lobe

Question 19

match:
Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
parietal and frontal lobe

Answer 19

Broca’s - frontal (L)

Wernicke’s - parietal (L)

Question 20

a patient presents with agraphia, acalculia, and aphasia after a TBI. The area of the cortex most likely affected is ____

Answer 20

somatosensory cortex, parietal lobe

Question 21

atlas and axis

Answer 21

first (atlas) and second (axis) vertebra (cervical)
atlas - up and down skull movement
axis - side to side skull movement

Question 22

spinal cord passes through ____ into vertebral canal

Answer 22

foramen magnum

Question 23

central cord syndrome

Answer 23

cervical injury site, incomplete injury
often result of fall in person with neck arthritis or spondylosis

presents as weak/numb arms and often accompanied by bowel/bladder incontinence

Question 24

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Answer 24

only one side of spinal cord is injured

ipsilateral paralysis/ loss of touch sensation
contralateral loss of pain/temp

Question 25

anterior cord syndrome

Answer 25

loss of muscle control, pain/ temp sensation below level of lesion (retain proprioception/touch sensation)

Question 26

posterior cord syndrome

Answer 26

presents with strength but no sense of where limbs are in space below level of damage (proprioception)

Question 27

CT scan and use

Answer 27

computed tomography - combines multiple X-rays to produce cross-sectional and 3D view use to identify gross anatomical changes

Question 28

brain imaging appropriate for soft tissues

Answer 28

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | more detail than CT scan

Question 29

diffusion tensor imaging and use

Answer 29

type of MRI, measures rate of water diffusion between cells | provides info about connectivity and continuity of neural pathways

Question 30

open TBI are primarily (focal/diffuse)

Answer 30

focal (such as contusions, lesions, hematomas)

Question 31

rotational/angular forces that cause traumatic inertial brain injuries are primarily (focal/diffuse)

Answer 31

diffuse (such as hemorrhage)

Question 32

Hebbian learning

Answer 32

basically, neurons that fire together wire together (neuroplasticity)

Question 33

T/F: as our behavior and experience changes, there are resulting changes to our brain topography

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

the size and complexity of a ____ determine the volume of synapses

Answer 34

``` dendrite arbor (dendritic spines have ability to change in response to experience) ```

Question 35

neurogenesis occurs in which specific regions of the developed brain?

Answer 35

hippocampus - subventricular zone and dentate gyrus

Question 36

excitotoxicity

Answer 36

failure of neurons to maintain resting potential due to sodium-potassium pump failure and subsequent accumulation of sodium and calcium (secondary injury to brain injury)