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SLP 511: Neuroanatomy > Neuroanatomy of Attention > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy of Attention Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What is attention?

A

serves to focus on a sensation

The focused sensation can then be understood semantically, stored in memory, or be a motivation for action

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2
Q

Attentional Network

A

it is a large network, located in brainstem, cortex, subcortical gray and white

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3
Q

Which hemisphere is more important for attention?

A

right

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4
Q

What does attention enable?

A

detect the presence of stimuli
react faster to their presence
“mediate consciousness”
support working memory

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5
Q

What happens with inattention?

A

stimuli is ignored

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6
Q

2 types of neural networks?

A
  1. diffuse system/global
  2. focal system/selective
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7
Q

Which network is this?

Distributes attention globally
* Widespread network of thalamic & bi-hemispheric
structures, particularly the frontal lobe is important
* alerting/arousal
*“warning” or cue
* vigilance (right hemisphere)

A

Diffuse system/global

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8
Q

Which network is this?

Distributes attention to salient aspects of spatial experience
* Lateralized to frontal and parietal regions of right
hemisphere
* Focus & orientation

A

focal system/selective

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9
Q

Voluntary versus reflexive attention?

A

-Systems work in opposition
-Work on balancing between two ideas
-Need enough voluntary attention to accomplish what we want but enough reflexive attention to be safe

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10
Q

Which kind of attention is this?

Top down process
We are in control- internal cues
Guided by our goals, expectations & rewards
Goal directed & Focus
Dorsal – more later

A

voluntary/dorsal/endogenous attention

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11
Q

What kind of attention is this?

Shifts as needed to novel, salient stimuli
Bottom-up
We are the puppet- external factors
Driven by sensory stimuli, involuntarily captures our attention
Ventral – more later

A

Reflexive/Exogenous/Ventral

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11
Q

Overt Attention

A

– move sense organs toward stimuli
(eyes, orient body)

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11
Q

Covert Attention

A

Attention without any external cues that you are doing so, inward directed neural changes
research focuses on covert attention

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11
Q

What is complex attention?

A

Complex neurocognitive process that allows human beings to focus, select and/or maintain mental resources to internal and external stimuli

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12
Q

What is complex attention needed for?

A

needed to process personal information and interpretal environmental and internal cues

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13
Q

Types of Complex Attention?

A

Arousal – Automatic attention toward stimuli
Focused Attention – Ability to be focused to one stimuli
Sustained/Vigilant Attention – Ability to maintain attentional resources and respond correctly for a “long” period of time
Selective Attention – Ability to select and reject irrelevant stimuli
Alternate Attention – Ability to change attentional focus between two or more stimuli
Divided Attention – Ability to focus attention on two or more tasks at the same time

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14
Q

Automatic attention toward stimuli

A

Arousal

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15
Q

Ability to be focused to one stimuli

A

focused attention

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16
Q

Ability to maintain attentional resources and respond correctly for a “long” period of time

A

Sustained/vigilant attention

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17
Q

ability to select and reject irrelevant

A

selective attention

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18
Q

ability to change attentional focus between two or more stimuli

A

alternate attention

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19
Q

ability to focus attention on two or more tasks at the same time

A

divided attention

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20
Q

Vigilance and arousal states are what kind of pattern?

A

global/diffuse
ventral/reflexive/exogenous

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21
Q

Selective/focused attention are what kind of pattern?

Study These Flashcards
A

Focal Network
attend to one stim and ignore distracters
overt or covert
Voluntary/Dorsal/Endogenous

22
What 2 things are needed to pay attention?
Executive Function- inhibition, planning, set/task shifting, interference (Stroop test) Working Memory- visuospatial, auditory
23
People with ADHD struggle with... but not with...
inhibition, working memory, planning Not with set shifting, interference
24
What are the cortical components of attention?
Pre Frontal Lobe Posterior Parietal Lobe
25
Role of pre-frontal lobe in attention?
attention & executive function - maintains attention - works with anterior cingulate
26
Role of the posterior parietal lobe in attention?
- brief control signals of attention, shift attentional states – engage and disengage
27
What is the reticular activating system?
group of neurons Located primarily in brainstem & hypothalamus – Composed of four main components comprised of groupings of nuclei that responsible for arousal and attention to different regions. Functional Aspects: for attention & ability to focus, arousal to noise (norepinephrine) Sleep and wake cycles, Wakefulness & and arousal
28
Where does the reticular activating system receive input from?
spinal cord, sensory pathways, thalamus & cortex
29
Describe the superior colliculi
Located top of midbrain Receives input from: retina and visual cortex Functional Aspects: crucial for visual selective attention, orientation, important for saccades
30
Pulvinar area of the Thalamus
Located - paired gray matter, in diencephalon above midbrain Relay station, thus transmits information to cortex Important role in selective attention of sensory information maintains reciprocal connections to frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal cortex has neurons that respond definitely to color, shape, motion, and orientation, (probably auditory stimuli)
31
Located – above corpus callosum around “anterior knee” Includes anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex Receives information from thalamus, somatosensory (parietal) areas of cortex and neocortex Function - role in selective attention to stimuli (limbic system ?)- emotions can drive motivation, help with connection
Cingulate Cortex
32
How do the dorsal/ventral systems interact and work together?
Simply put: something happens, they are interrupted, and then they move towards the more important thing. If a new stimulus is heard/seen, then the connections between temporo-parietal junction and intraparietal sulcus interrupt goal-directed attention If it is important, then that exogenous information moves from intraparietal junction to temporo-parietal junction
33
What is in the visual model?
Space Gestalt One field/hemisphere
34
What is in the auditory model?
Time – ephemeral Sequential Both hemispheres
35
What are the implications for early selection?
decide focus select for full perceptual analysis reject all others
36
What are the implications for late selection?
full perceptual analysis of all semantic coding some brought to conscious awareness
37
Is Auditory Attention top-down or bottom-up?
Both!
38
Bottum-up/Stimulus Driven
Depends on salience of the stimulus? Surprise symphony – it’s a surprise because it’s quiet first then very loud – a salient difference. No surprise if it’s been loud all along
39
Top-Down/Goal Oriented
starts in superior temporal gyrus (STG) and planum temporale we tune our attention to the signal and ignore the noise
40
The brain is making a boost in action potential ______ the stimuli happens Evidence to the early selection model
Before!
41
What is the biased competition model?
When different stimuli fall within the same receptive field of a neuron the bottom up signals compete for control of the neuron firing Competition is resolved by attention favoring one stimulus over another As receptive fields get larger you move up the processing chain, there is more competition at higher processing stages and greater need for attention
42
Info on Subcortical Attention
Can attention effect processing before it even gets to the cortices? Numerous connections from V1 back to thalamus So thalamus feeds to visual cortex but also visual cortex identified as providing feedback toward thalamus for modulations…thus VC synapses on the area surrounding the lateral geniculate nucleus, results indicate that attention was impacting these neurons even before the signal arrived to cortex Studies with monkey showed that attention modulated the metabolic activity of LGN neurons
43
Automatic Grasp of Attention
Reflexive attention The more salient a stimulus is the more likely to grasp our attention Head automatically turns and orients towards the direction of the stimulus Attention grasp is short lived unless there is important information
44
Inhibition of Return
Our automatic orienting system has built in mechanism to prevent reflexively directed attention from getting stuck at a location Occurs after 300 ms After looking at a location return of attention to that location is inhibited Subjects are slower to return to stimuli that are presented in a location where a distractor had been present previously
45
What is the total absence of attention (like a coma)?
Aprosexia
46
Decrease of attention (e.g. fatigue, distractibility)
Hypoprosexia
47
– Decrease of attention in complex environments
Pseudoprosexia
48
Abnormal direction of attention (e.g. towards irrelevant stimuli)
Paraprosexia
49
- Excessive increase of attention(e.g. hypervigilance)
Hyperprosexia
50
Disorders of Attention – often associated with ____ hemisphere lesions
right
51
Often associated with R hemisphere lesions or damage Anticipated deficits in....?
Attention Perception Memory Executive Function
52
What is left neglect?
disorder of attention that causes individual to have difficulty noticing, attending to and responding to stimuli on left side of the body
53
What is Albert's test?
Visual neglect screening requires patient to cross out lines on a single piece of paper. If the lines on the left side are left uncrossed it indicates left visual neglect
54
What is the cognitive linguistic quick test? (CLQT)
Assesses relative status of 5 cognitive domains: Attention/Memory/Language/Executive Function/Visuospatial Skills 10 activities in total Tasks include: Symbol cancelation/ Draw A Clock/ Symbol Trails
55

SLP 511: Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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