Neurobasics Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
The Father of Neuroscience
A
Ramon y Cajal
2
Q
Neuron Doctrine
A
Cajal proposed that nervous system composed of individual neurons
3
Q
System that controls voluntary skeletal muscle
A
Somatic NS
4
Q
Nerve supply to organs
A
Visceral NS
5
Q
Cluster of nerve cell bodies located OUTSIDE CNS
A
Ganglia
6
Q
Only ganglia located in the CNS
A
Dorsal root ganglia
7
Q
Cluster of nerve cell bodies located WITHIN CNS
A
Nuclei
8
Q
Only neucli located outside CNS
A
Basal ganglia
9
Q
Lemniscus, fasciculus, peduncle, column are all other names for what
A
tracts
10
Q
budles of axons carrying similar information (axons with same origin and common termination)
A
tracts
11
Q
awarenes of stimuli
A
sensation
12
Q
interpretation of stimuli into meaningful information
A
perception
13
Q
neuron with one projection off cell body
A
unipolar
14
Q
single dendrite and single axon of cell body
A
bipolar
15
Q
one axon and 2 or more dendrites
A
multipolar
16
Q
Most peripheral nerves are of what structural classification
A
Unipolar
17
Q
Retina, vestibular nerve, and cochlear nerve are of this type of classification
A
Bipolar
18
Q
Most motor and CNS interneurons are of this structural classification
A
Multipolar
19
Q
Flow of neurtransmitters, nutrients, protens form cell body TO THE TERMINUS
A
Anterograde transport
20
Q
Flow of substances from terminus TO THE CELL BODY
A
Retrograde transport
21
Q
Toxins, viruses, tracing dyes and nerve growth factor are transported in this maner
A
Retrograde transport
22
Q
Partial loss of voluntary contraction (weakness)
A
paresis
23
Q
complete loss of voluntary contraction
A
paralysis/plegia
24
Q
Involuntary contractions (hiccups, eye twitches)
A
Myoclonus
25
Abnormally low resistance to passive stretch
Hypotonia
26
Lack of resistance to passive stretch
Flaccidity
27
Passive transport (diffusion) involves the what cations?
Na, Cl, K
28
Is chlorine concentration greater outside or inside?
Outside
29
Active pumps require what to function?
ATP
30
Resting membrane potential is maintained by what mechanisms?
1. Passive transport
2. Active transport
3. Negatively charged ions/proteins trapped
31
cells of the nervous system are called what? (hint glue)
neuroglia (10/1) greater than neurons - can divide and multiply
32
What glial cells add structure, are on BBB, maintain K levels, and guide migrating neurons while also causing scar tissue in CNS injury?
Astrocytes
33
Glial cells that myelinate axons in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
34
Antibodies with this dissease attack oligodendrocytes
Multiple Sclerosis
35
Glial cells that myelinate axons in PNS
Schwann cells
36
Antibodies with this disease attack Schwann Cells
Guillian-Barre
37
Phogcytotic glial cell that is activated in Alzheimer's and AIDS
Microglia
38
Glial cells that line ventricles and sentral canal and produce CSF
Ependymal cells
39
Two ways to communicate between astrocytes and neurons are what
1. neurons directly stimulate astrocytes
| 2. Astrocytes release glutamate into neurons via gap junctions
40
Astrocytes located in gray matter
Protoplasmic astrocytes
41
Astrocytes located in white matter
Fibrous astrocytes
42
Schwann cells myelinate 1 segement of how many axons in the PNS
1 segement of 1 axon
43
Oligodendrocytes myelinate 1 segement of how many axons in CNS
1 segement of multiple axons
44
Primarty recptor area are what in a neural cell
Dendrites
45
type of chemical synapse that is usually excitatory and most numerous in nervous system
axo-dendritic
46
types of synapse that is usually inhibitory
Axo-somatic
47
type of synapse that causes presynaptic inhibition or fascilitation by reducing or increasing calcium influx
Axo-axonic
48
Sodium channels are most numerous where in motor and intermotor neurons
Axon hillock (travels down axon)
49
Sodium channels are most numerous where in sensory nerves
Trigger zone near receptor (travel up axon)
50
biding of NT/NM causes sodium influx or CL to leave cell and raises membrane potential
EPSP`
51
binding of NT/NM to a receptor on a neuron causing efflux of K or influx of CL and lowers RMP below -70
IPSP
52
what 2 drugs block voltage-gated Na channels to reduce pain transmission of sensory nerves
procain (novocaine) and lidocaine
53
type of channel that allows diffusion of ions slowly and continuously and is important in maintaining osmotic gradients and membrane potentials
Leak channels
54
Channels found on receptors that open in response to a specific stimulus
Modality-gaited channels
55
receptors for NT/NMs
Ligan-gated channels
56
A response to change in membrane potential opens these channels
voltage-gated channels
57
closing of Na channels and opening of K channels signifies what
Repolarization
58
molecules released that have short=term quick effect at the synapse of another cell
neurotransmitters
59
Molecules that cause a long=term delayed effect
Neuromodulators
60
Major excitatory NT in CNS
Glutamate
61
major inhibitory NT in CNS
GABA
62
Two GABAs that increase the influx of chlorine
GABA-a and GABA-c
63
GABA molecule that increases potassium efflux
GABA - b
64
NT released on post-ganglionic neurons, can be excitatory or inhibitory
NE
65
NT invlved in motor control, associated with feelings of pleasure/reward
Dopamine
66
NT produced by neurons in brainstem assoicated with happiness
Serotonin
67
Low levels of his NT associated with depression, anxiety, and OCD
Serotonin
68
This drugs binds to GABA receptors to decrease GABAs effect
Diazepam (Valium)
69
NT implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorders
NE
70
Re-uptake of this NT with cocaine and amphetamine uses
Dopamine
71
NT causes muscle contraction in PNS
ACH
72
NT released from pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic neurons and from preganglionic sympathetic nerurons in ANS
ACH
73
NT released from neurons at base of cortex in CNS and from pedunculopontine nucleus
ACH
74
NT released by sensory neurons transmitting pain
Substance P
75
NT that inhibit neurons involved in PERCEPTION of pain
Endorphins and enkephalins
76
NT that inhibits the spinal cord
Glycine
77
NT produced by neurons in RAPHE NUCLEI of BRAINSTEM and project to other areas of brain and spinal cord
Serotonin
78
NT produced by SBUSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA of MIDBRAIN; axons project to BASAL GANGLIA, FRONTAL CORTEX, AMYGDALA AND HIPPOCAMPUS
Dopamine
79
Types of receptor that causes rapid, short-term effect when bound by NT
LIgan-gated (ionotrophic)
80
NT receptor that causes a change in protein that changes neural function (open channels)
G-protein
81
Receptor that causes a change in protein that in turn causes enzymatic changes in cells
G Protein Second Messengers
82
Synapse disease where auto-antibodies to ACH receptors are made
Myasthenia Gravis
83
Synapse disease where auto-antibodies to Ca channels are made
Eaton-Lambert Syndrome (Myasthenic Syndrome)
84
Synapse disease that attach vesicles in the membrane
Botulism
85
synapse disease that cleaves proteins in inhibitory interneurons resulting in tetanic contractions
tetanus
86
Weakness of levator palpebrae superiors, EOM and limb muscles that WORSENS WITH EXERCISES are Sxs of what
Myasthenia Gravis
87
Drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase enzyme to treat MG
Neostigmine
88
type of MG confined mostly to eye muslces
ocular
89
type of MG affecting eye, face and proximal limb muslces
generalized (can progress to severe generalized ie worse version)
90
type of MG affecting respiratory muscles
'crisis' (grave part)
91
Eaton-Lambert characterized by loss of what ion channels at presynaptic neurons
Calcium
92
Eaton-lambert pt can improve with what activity unlike MG
exercise (increases AcH) release
93
fibers that connet the pre and post synaptic membranes together at NM junction contain what enzyme?
Acetylcholinesterase (breakdown excess Ach)
