Neurobio introduction

Question 1

neurons make up circuits that as a whole are a neural system what are the 3 neural systems and their functions?

Answer 1

sensory systems: brings in information such as the state of organisms and the environment

associational systems: higher orders function of cognition such as perception, memory, attention, emotion, language, and thinking.

Motor system: organize and generate movements and actions

Question 2

Regulator sequences are made up of promoters and introns what is its functions.

Answer 2

they determine when and where and how readily a gene will be expressed.

Question 3

scientists such as Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon and Charles Sherringtion studied the brain and came up with theories as to how neurons are connected. Name and describe both.

Answer 3

The reticular theory says that the nervous system is not made up of discrete cells but by a web of cells all connected through cytoplasmic links

The neuron doctrine says that the nervous system is made up of discrete cells that communicate at specific points of contact called synapses.

Question 4

how do neurons work

Answer 4

they receive and transmit information through action potentials.

Question 5

how do dendrites work

Answer 5

they receive information from other neurons by binding to chemical neurotransmitters from other neurons.

Question 6

how do axons work

Answer 6

conducts electrical impulses away from a neuron in order to release a chemical neurotransmitter from its terminal.

Question 7

what are the two types of neurons

Answer 7

local circuit neurons; (interneurons) that have short axons and communicate only with their nearest neighbors.

Projections neurons: have very long axons that communicate to a distant target

Question 8

what is convergence

Answer 8

a neuron with lots of dendrites ad a lot of dendritic branching will receive more information from many different neurons

Question 9

what is integration

Answer 9

all of the inputs are summed and contribute to a single output from the axon

Question 10

what is divergence

Answer 10

although there is typically only 1 axon exiting a neuron cell body the axon can branch to connect to other neurons

Question 11

synaptic vesicles

Answer 11

membrane-bound structures that contain chemical neurotransmitters and releases neurotransmitters at the synapse to communicate with post-synaptic cell.

Question 12

synaptic cleft

Answer 12

extracellular space between pre- and post-synaptic surfaces

Question 13

myelin sheath

Answer 13

insulated (lipid-rich) wrapping around axon

Question 14

what two cells wrap around the axons

Answer 14

oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells

Question 15

the soma contains all organelles what do dendrites contain and axons contain

Answer 15

dendrites contain ribosomes and axons contain mitochondria in the axon terminals

Question 16

nodes of ranvier

Answer 16

patches of uninsulated axon

Question 17

what courses through the axons and dendrites

Answer 17

microtubules

Question 18

what does tau do

Answer 18

bundles the microtubules together

Question 19

what is located at the tip of dendrites and why

Answer 19

actin and because they are actively growing and they can change shapes

Question 20

what is the functions of dendrite spine on the dendrites

Answer 20

to increase surface area of the dendrite so that more synapses can form.

Question 21

spiny neurons contain alot or little amounts of spines

Answer 21

alot

Question 22

does aspinous neurons contain none or alot, or a little spines

Answer 22

none

Question 23

what do spines of the neurons contain

Answer 23

actin

Question 24

what is neuromuscular junction

Answer 24

synapses between a motorneuron axon and a muscle cell

Question 25

what is dystrophin and its function

Answer 25

an intracellular scaffolding protein that links receptors to actin cytoskeleton and localizes them to synapses

Question 26

what does mutations in the dystrophin gene lead to

Answer 26

leads to muscular dystophy

Question 27

what do each of these stains do golgi fluorescence nissl stain

Answer 27

golgi- impregnation with silver salts fluorescence- injection, expression, or immune labeling with fluorescent markers nissl stain- stain with cresyl violet which marks ribosomes and nucleolus

Question 28

where are astrocytes located and its function

Answer 28

found in the CNS function is to maintain ionic and chemical environment of brain for optimal neuronal function forms the blood brain barrier forms new synapses some retain stem cell characteristics

Question 29

where are oligodendrocytes located and its function

Answer 29

located in the CNS function is to form the myelin sheath around the CNS axons by wrapping tightly around them some retain stem cell characteristics schwann cells have the same function in the PNS

Question 30

what is the function of microglia

Answer 30

act like brain macrophages come from hematopoietic stem cells they clean up debris by phagocytosis from sites of neuronal turnover or injury when activated will move to site of injury and release cytokines that regulate inflammation

Question 31

stem cells function

Answer 31

cells that can divide 1 daughter cell remains a stem cell while the other daughter can differentiate into a more specialized cell type

Question 32

glial stem cells function

Answer 32

can give rise to neurons or glia and have greater potential

Question 33

why are oligodendrocyte stem cells sometimes called precursors

Answer 33

sometimes called precursors because the other daughter cells will almost become an oligodendrocytes

Question 34

afferent pathway

Answer 34

a pathway of neurons that carry sensory information toward the brain or spinal chord

Question 35

local pathway

Answer 35

a pathway of interneurons that convey information between different regions within the brain and spinal chord (receives information from the afferent

Question 36

efferent pathway

Answer 36

a pathway of neurons that carry motor information or effector information away from the brain or spinal chord to elicit a response

Question 37

gray matter function

Answer 37

regions within the CNS that have a high density of neuronal cell bodies

Question 38

nucleus

Answer 38

a collection of neuronal cell bodies that are located deep in the brain

Question 39

cortex

Answer 39

a sheet of neuronal cell bodies arranged in a layer

Question 40

white matter

Answer 40

regions within the CNS that contain mostly myelinated axons

Question 41

tracts

Answer 41

bundles of axons that connect distinct regions within the brain and or spinal chord

Question 42

commissures

Answer 42

bundles of axons that connect neurons on one side of the brain to the other side

Question 43

columns

Answer 43

bundles of axons within spinal cord that convey sensory Info to brain or motor info away from the brain

Question 44

ganglion

Answer 44

collection of neurons that reside in the peripheral nervous system

Question 45

nerve

Answer 45

a bundle of axons within the peripheral nervous system that travel between a ganglion and a particular target

Question 46

autonomic branch PNS

Answer 46

not under conscious control, control cardiac muscles, smooth muscles , glands

Question 47

somatic branch of PNS

Answer 47

under conscious control, controls skeletal muscles

Question 48

parasympathetic

Answer 48

controls rest and digest functions

Question 49

sympathetic

Answer 49

controls fight and flight functions

Question 50

enteric

Answer 50

controls gut motility and secretions