Neurochemistry Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Amino Acid neurotransmitters
A
L- glutamate
GABA
Glycine
2
Q
Monoamines
A
Catecholamine Dopamine NE Epinephrine Serotonin Histamine
3
Q
Neuropeptides
A
Substance P
Enkephalin
Somastotatin
4
Q
Purines
A
ATP
Adenosine
5
Q
Lipid Mediators
A
Endocannabinoids
Prostaglandins
6
Q
Opening of cations (Na, Ca) or anion (Cl) channels is the ionic mechanism of Classic neurotransmission or neuromodulation?
A
Classic Neurotransmission
7
Q
Opening or closure of K or Ca channels is the ionic mechanism of Classic neurotransmission or neuromodulation?
A
Neuromodulation
8
Q
Fast excitation or inhibition is the synaptic effect from Classic neurotransmission or neuromodulation?
A
Classic Neurotransmission
9
Q
Presynaptic modulation of neurotransmitter release, postsynatic modulation of neuronal excitability is the synaptic effect from Classic neurotransmission or neuromodulation?
A
Neuromodulation
10
Q
Receptor Type of Classic neurotransmission
A
Ionotropic receptor (NTT gated ion channel)
11
Q
Receptor type of neuromodulation
A
Metabotropic receptor (G protein coupled receptor)
12
Q
Neurotransmitters involved in Classic neurotransmission
A
L glutamate
GABA
Glycine
Acetylcholine
13
Q
Neurotransmitters involved in Neuromodulation
A
L glutamate GABA Acetylcholine Monoamines Neuropeptides Lipid mediators purines
14
Q
Precursor of Glutamate
A
a-Ketoglutarate (neurons)
Glutamine (Astrocytes)
15
Q
Key biosynthetic enzyme of Glutamate
A
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Glutaminase
16
Q
Inactivation of Glutamate
A
Reuptake by astrocytes
17
Q
Precursor of GABA
A
L glutamate
18
Q
Key biosynthetic enzyme of GABA
A
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
19
Q
Inactivation of GABA
A
Reuptake by neurons and astrocytes
20
Q
Precursor of Glycine
A
Serine
21
Q
Key biosynthetic enzyme of Glycine
A
Glycine cleavage system
22
Q
Inactivation of Glycine
A
Reuptake by astrocytes
23
Q
Precursor of Acetylcholine
A
AcetylcoA and Choline
24
Q
Key biosynthetic enzyme of Acetylcholine
A
Choline acetyltransferase
25
Inactivation of Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
26
Precursor of Dopamine
L-tyrosine
27
Key biosynthetic enzyme of Dopamine
Tyrosine hydoxylase
28
Inactivation of Dopamine
Presynaptic reuptake ff by metabolism by MAO and COMT
29
Precursor of Norepineprhine
L-tyrosine
30
Key biosynthetic enzyme of NE
Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine B-hydroxylase
31
Inactivation of NE
Presynaptic reuptake ff by metabolism by MAO and COMT
32
Precursor of Serotonin
L-tryptophan
33
Key biosynthetic enzyme of Serotonin
Tryptophan hydroxylase
34
Inactivation of Serotonin
Presynaptic reuptake ff by metabolism by MAO and COMT
35
Precursor of Histamine
L-histidine
36
Key biosynthetic enzyme of Histamine
Histidine decarboxylase
37
Inactivation of Histamine
Histidine N-methyltransferase
38
Precursor of Neuropeptides
Pre propeptides
39
Key biosynthetic enzyme of Neuropeptides
Processing along the secretory pathway and by activity of convertases
40
Inactivation of Neuropeptides
Peptidases
41
Precursor of Adenosine
Adenosine triphosphate
42
Key biosynthetic enzyme of Adenosine
5-nycleotidase
| Ectonucleases
43
Inactivation of Adenosine
Adenosine kinase
44
Precursor of Endocannabinoids
Diacylglycerol
45
Key biosynthetic enzyme of Endocannabinoids
Diacylglycerol lipase
46
Inactivation of Endocannabinoids
Monoacylglycerol lipase
47
Precursor of nitric oxide
Arginine
48
Key biosynthetic enzyme of nitric oxide
nitric oxide synthase
49
Inactivation of nitric oxide
Spontaneous, short half life
50
Where are Neuropeptides synthesized?
| Nerve terminal or cell body?
Cell body
51
Type of synaptic vesicle where neuropeptides are stored
Large dense-core vesicles (secretory granules)
52
These neurotransmitters are stored in small clear vesicles
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
Acetylcholine
53
Type of synaptic vesicle where monoamines are stored
Intermediate dense-core vesicles
54
Vesicle endocytosis and recycling involve vesicle coating by _______ and fission by the action of _____
Clathrin
| Dynamin
55
This links the synaptic vesicle to the cytoskeleton
Synapsin
56
Membrane docking, priming, and fusion depend on the formation of?
Soluble SNARE complexes (Sensitive factor Attachment protein REceptor)
57
SNARE complex formed by interaction of synpnaptic vesicle protein _______, and 2 presynaptic vescile proteins _______ and ______
Synaptobrevin
Syntaxin and SNAP 25 (Synaptosomal Associated protein 25)
58
Ca Channels involved in exocytosis
P/Q and T-type
59
This synaptic vesicle protein is for Ca induced exocytosis, and acts as a calcium sensor
Synaptotagmin
60
The different proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis interact through adaptor proteins such as
Amphiphysin
61
Synaptic effects of a NTT are terminated by 3 mechanisms
1. Uptake by presynaptic terminals or astrocytes
2. Enzymatic metabolism
3. Diffusion out of the synaptic cleft
62
This is the sole mechanism for termination of action of acetylcholine and neuropeptides
Enzymatic degradation
63
This is responsible for phasic postsynaptic excitatory or inhibitory effects which are rapid in onset, short in duration and spatially restricted
Classic neurotransmission
64
Receptors mediating classic neurotransmission
Ionotropic receptors
65
What happens to binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor?
Produces a change in the 3-dimensional conformation of the receptor protein, which opens the ion channel
66
What happens in cationic channel opening?
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors;
Ionotropic glutamate receptros;
P2X receptors
There is rapid influx of Na or Ca or both which results in local neuron depolarization leading to EPSP (increases probability of action potential to be generated)
67
What happens in anionic channel opening?
GABA A and Glycine receptors
Allows rapid influx of Cl- which results in PSPS that prevents the membrane from reaching threshold to trigger an action potential
68
This involves binding to G protein-coupled receptors
Neuromodulation
69
Receptors in Classic neurotransmission
Ionotropic glutamate receptros;
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors;
P2X receptors
GABA A and Glycine receptors
70
Receptors in Neuromodulation
Metabotropic glutamate receptors
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors
GABA B receptors
Receptors for monoamine and neuropeptides
71
How does G protein-coupled receptors affect neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release?
By increasing or decreasing permeability of voltage gated K or Ca channels
72
Uses retrograde signaling to affect release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal
```
NO
endocannabinoids
arachidonic acid
prostaglandins
growth factors
Cytokines
steroids
```
73
T or F
Chemical signals affect not only receptors located at postsynaptic sites but also neuronal receptors at a distance
True
74
This is the ability to change the efficacy of fast excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission in response to the activity of the corresponding synapse
Synaptic plasticity
75
What are the 2 main forms of synaptic plasticity
Long term potentiation
| Long term depression
76
What are the main triggers of synaptic plasticity?
Ca influx through glutamate receptors
Opening of voltage gated Ca channels
Release of Ca from intracellular stores
77
T or F
Synaptic plasticity affects function but not the structure of synapses
False
It also affects the structure of synapses
78
Target of glutamatergic inputs in cerebral cortex, striatum, cerebellum
Dendritic spines of principal neurons
79
What are the ionotropic glutamate receptors?
AMPA receptor
Kainate receptor
NMDA receptor
80
What are the metabotropic glutamate receptors?
Type I: synaptic plasticity
| Type II, III: Presynaptic inhibition
81
This glutamate receptor mediates fast excitatory neurotransmission and is permeable to Na alone.
AMPA receptor
82
This glutamate receptor is a ligand gated Ca channel that is blocked by Mg at normal resting membrane potential
NMDA receptor
83
T or F
Ca influx through AMPA receptors removes the Mg plug from NMDA receptors, allowing them to open to Na when bound by glycine.
False
Na influx (not Ca) through AMPA receptors removes the Mg plug from NMDA receptors, allowing them to open to Ca (Not Na) when bound by glycine.
84
This incorporates glutamate into synaptic vesicles
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs)
85
This is coenzyme is required for Glutamic acid decarboxylase to make GABA
Pyridoxal phosphate
86
GABA receptor with ligand-gated Cl channels
GABA A receptors
87
GABA receptor that us G protein coupled
GABA B receptors
88
Primary neurotransmitter of local inhibitory neurons and projection neurons
GABA
