Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
(36 cards)
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
group of conditions with the onset in the developmental period
When do neurodevelopmental disorders manifest?
often before the child enters primary school
What are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by
developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic or occupational functioning
Which developmental disorders occur together typically?
Autism and Intellectual disability, ADHD and Dyspraxia, Tic disorders and ADHD
What are the types of neurodevelopmental disorders according to ICD-11 and DSM-5?
Intellectual Disabilities.
Communication Disorders: Language Disorder, Speech Sound Disorder, Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering), Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder.
Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
Specific Learning Disorder.
Motor Disorders: Developmental Coordination Disorder, Stereotypic Movement Disorder, Tic Disorders / Tourette.
Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders: traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicants, genetic syndromes.
What is intellectual disability and types?
A combination of IQ and adaptive functioning
Mild, Moderate, Severe and profound
Global Developmental delay
What are the types of specific learning disorders?
Impairment with Reading (dyslexia)
Impairment with written expression (dysgraphia)
Impairment with mathematics (dyscalculia)
What are the types of communication disorders?
Language Disorder (Expressive, receptive, combined)
Speech Sound Disorder
Childhood-onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
Social communication Disorder (Semantic Pragmatic language disorder)
Autism Spectrum Disorder
What are the core features of ASD?
Communication deficits: Verbal and non-verbal
Deficits in social interaction or lack of reciprocal social interaction or deficits in socio-emotional reciprocity
Restricted/repetitive interests and behaviours
How common is ASD?
Autism: 1 per 100 (DSM-5)
Considerable increase over older data? 1 in 67
4 times more common in boys than girls – but questions about females with ASD being under-diagnosed or missed
What is the prevalence of other comorbid psychiatric disorders with ASD?
70 % had at least one co-morbid Psychiatric Disorder. 41 % had 2 or more psychiatric disorders.
(most common social anxiety, ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder)
What are the mental health comorbidities in adults with ASD?
38% had co-morbid ADHD
7% had bipolar disorder with psychotic features
7.8% had Schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder
What is ADHD?
(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
A persistent pattern of inattention and / or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Is it a disorder or variation – neurodiversity
Between 3 – 5 % of young people meet the criteria for a diagnosis
Gender ration M:F is 2:1
What other developmental problems accompanies ADHD?
tics, motor co-ordination problems, sleep delay, enuresis, intellectual or specific learning problems, and Tics. As well as behavioural problems (ODD) and psychiatric problems such as anxiety and depression (in adolescence or later)
What is inattention?
Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in school work at work or during other activities
Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities for example has difficulties remaining focused during lectures conversations or lengthy reading.
Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly for example mine seems elsewhere even in the absence of any obvious distraction.
Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish school work chores or duties in the workplace for example starts tasks but quickly loses focus and it’s easily side-tracked.
Often has difficulty organising tasks and activities for example difficulty managing sequential tasks difficulty keeping materials and belongings in order; messy, dis organised work; has poor time-management; fails to meet deadlines.
Often avoids, dislikes or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort for example school work or homework (for older adolescents and adults preparing reports, completing forms, reviewing lengthy papers).
Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities e.g. school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses and mobile-phones).
Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli (for older adolescents and adults may include unrelated thoughts).
Is often forgetful in daily activities for example doing chores running errands for older adolescents and adults returning calls being bills keeping appointments.
What is hyperactivity and impulsivity?
Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat.
Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected (e.g. leaves his or her place in the classroom, in the office or other workplace or in other situations that require remaining in place).
Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate (note: in adolescents or adults may be limited to feeling restless).
Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly.
Is often “on the go” acting as if “driven by a motor” (e.g. is unable to be or uncomfortable being still for extended time; as in restaurants, meetings; may be experienced by others as being restless or difficult to keep up with).
Often talks excessively.
Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed (e.g. completes people sentences; cannot wait for turn in conversation).
Often has difficulty waiting his or her turn (e.g. while waiting in line).
Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g. butts into conversations, games or activities; may start using other people’s things without asking or receiving permission; for adolescents and adults may intrude into or takeover what others are doing).
What is dsyfunctional in ADHD
anterior cingulate cortex
What is the neuroanatomy of ADHD?
smaller brain 4%
right frontal lobe 8%
smaller basal ganglia 6%-> normalisation 18years
smaller cerebellum 12%-> more pronounced 18yrs
What are the volumetric differences in ADHD
manifest early (6 years), correlate with ADHD severity, irrespective of medication status and comorbidities
What are the comorbidities of ADHD
Children with ADHD w/o ASD or LD even have high rates of psychiatric comorbidities:
20-40 % have an Anxiety Disorder
5-20 % have a mood disorder
30 % have a disruptive behaviour disorder (ODD/CD)
What are the types of neurodevelopmental motor disorders?
Tic Disorders
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder
What are tics?
sudden, rapid, repetitive, non-rhythmic, inapposite, irresistible, muscle movements or vocalizations, which can be classified as simple or complex (Cath et al 2001, Singer 2011).
Motor / Vocal (phonic)
Simple vs complex
How is Tourette Syndrome classified according to DSM-5?
: Both multiple motor AND one or more vocal tics have been present at some time during the illness although not necessarily concurrently.
B: The tics may wax and wane during in frequency but have persisted for more than 1 yr since the first tic onset.
C: Onset is before the age of 18.
D: The disturbance is not attributable to physicoogical effects of a substance (e.g. cocaine) or another medical condition (e.g. Huntington’s disease, or post-viral encephalitis)
Chronic Tic Disorder
Provisional (transient) Tic Disorder
What is the course and prognosis of tic disorders?
55-60 % tic disorders disappear by late teens/ early adulthood
20-25 % becomes minor or occasional
20 % tics stay as they are
Co-morbidities predict functioning and affect quality of life more than tics themselves
