Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Definitions Flashcards
(22 cards)
- Below Average in General Intellectual Functioning and poor adaptive behavior.
-
Great difficulty in areas such as communication, home living, selfdirection,
work, or safety. - Sx. should appear before the age of 18.
Children who suffers from ________ often:
* Rock back and forth
* Works in “special job” programs
* Who supports their families by working that are modestly demanding
* Vast majority display a mild level of disability
Other features include:
* Learns very slowly
* Difficulty in attention, short-term memory, planning and language.
Intellectual Disability
Intellecual Disability. What Specifier
______
* IQ: __ - __
* Px. can benefit from schooling and support themselves as adults
* Typically demonstrate typical language, social, and play skills, but needs assistance when under stress
Mild with IQ 50-70
Intellecual Disability. What Specifier
_______
* IQ: __- __
* Px. has clear deficits in language development and play during their preschool years
* Significant delay in their reading, arithmetic, and adaptive skills
Moderate with IQ 35-49
Intellecual Disability. What Specifier
_____
* IQ: __ - __
* Motor, neurological dysfunction, and communication deficits during infancy
Severe with IQ 20-34
Intellecual Disability. What Specifier
_______
* IQ: __ - __
* Px. can barely walk, talk, and feed themselves
Profound with IQ below 20
Biological Etiology of Intellectual Disability
- Chromosomal Causes: typically seen with sufferers of Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome
- Metabolic Causes: it influences genetic pairing of two defective recessive genes that can lead to Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- Prenatal and Birth-related Causes: children whose mothers drink too much alcohol during pregnancy may be born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Other viruses such as Rubella, Syphilis and Anoxia can lead to intellectual disability
- Childhood Causes: injuries, accidents, lead poisoning, pesticide poisoning, untreated infections (meningitis & encephalitis)
Understood?
Sociocultural Etiology of Intellectual Disability
- Poor and unstimulating environment
- Inadequate parent-child interaction
- Insufficient Learning experiences
Understood?
This dx. is reserved for px. who are:
- Under the age of 5
- Px. fails to meet expected developmental milestones in areas of intellectual functioning
- Unable to undergo systematic assessments of intellectual functioning
What dx.is this?
Global Developmental Delay
- Persistent trouble using language to express themselves, struggles at learning new words, or confine their speech to short simple sentences.
-
Biological Etiology
Genetic and Physiological: inherits it from their family members with a history of language impairment -
Sociocultural Etiology
Environmental: Bilingualism can influence the development and demonstrate delays or differences
What dx. is this?
Language Disorder
- Px. may have persistent difficulties in speech production or speech fluency. They can at times cannot make correct speech sounds at an appropriate age, resulting in speech that sounds like baby talk.
What dx. is this?
Speech Sound Disorder
- Px. that suffers from stuttering may frequently repeat, prolong, or interject sounds when they speak, pause before finishing a word, or experiences excessive tension in the muscles they use for speech
- Genetic and Physiological: inheritance from first-degree biological relatives of individuals with childhood-onset fluency and genetic mutations of four genes.
What dx. is this?
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder
- Persistent problems in communication and social relationships, but without significant language difficulties or cognitive impairment. The communication and social problems are different in nature and less severe than those in autism spectrum disorder.
“have trouble understanding non-verbal language or social cues”
Differential Dx.:
* Language Disorder: structure of language
* This dx. focuses on the use of language in social context
- Genetic and Physiological: Family history of ASD, Communication Disorders, or specific learning disorders
What dx. is this?
Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
- Px. suffers from extreme unresponsiveness to other people, severe communication deficits, lack of responsiveness, social reciprocity, and highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities before 3 years of age.
- They have enormous difficulty maintaining employment, performing household tasks, and leading independent lives.
- Speech problems include: echolalia, pronominal reversal, non-verbal
- Behavioral problems include: perseveration of sameness
- Motor problems include: self-stimulatory and self-injurious
- Sensory problems: hyperreactivity and hyporeactivity
1. Specifier
* W or W/O accompanying intellectual impairment
* W or W/O accompanying language impairment
2. Specifier
* Associated with a known genetic or other medical condition or environmental factor
* Associated with a neurodevelopmental, mental, or behavioral problem
3. Specifier
* Catatonia (very unusual behavior)
Genetic and Physiological: heritability, genetic mutation, prenatal difficulties, birth complications (rubella virus), exposure to teratogen.
Brain Circuit: flawed interconnectivity of corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, striatum, and thalamus.
- Sufferers of ASD fails to develop a THEORY OF MIND and JOINT ATTENTION
What dx. is this?
Autism Spectrum Disorder
(ASD)
- Px. have great difficulty attending to tasks, or behave overactively and impulsively, or both.
- The Sx. feed into one another, continued interactions. Keeps turning from task to task until they end up trying to run in several directions at once.
- They tend to have problems with emotion regulation and may lead to Affective Sx.
- Persists throughout childhood. Sx. lessens as child grows and restlessness and overactivity is not that evident anymore.
- Sx. of Impulsivity is highly evident with pxs. who has a history of ADHD when they become adult.
- Behaviors should be assessed in several environments. Collateral Information is needed
1. Specifier:
* Combined
* Predominantly inattentive
* Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive|
2. Specifier
* Partial Remission
3. Specifier
* Mild
* Moderate
* Severe
What dx. is this?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Biological Etiology
- Flawed interconnectivity between Type 1 (unconscious/fast thinking) and Type 2 (criticical/analytical thinking) Cognitive Processing.
- Attention Brain Circuit: faulty interconnectivity of the pre-frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, striatum, corona radiata, and longitudinal fasciculus.
- Neurotransmitter: abnormal activity of dopamine througout the brain circuitry.
Understood?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Sociocultural Etiology
- ADHD has been linked with high levels of stress and to family dysfunction (Krull, 2019).
- Labeling can worsen the sx. of the child due to the stigma and negative perception by peers, parents, and teachers (Cueli et al., 2020; Ros & Graziano, 2018).
- Neurotransmitter: abnormal activity of dopamine throughout the brain circuitry (Areal & Blakely, 2020; Venkataraman et al., 2020).
Understood?
A. Difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicated by the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least 6 months, despite the provision of interventions that target those difficulties:
1.Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading
2.Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read
3.Difficulties with spelling
4.Difficulties with written expression
5.Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation
6.Difficulties with mathematical reasoning
B. The affected academic skills are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for the individual’s chronological age, and cause significant interference with academic or occupational performance, or with activities of daily living, as confirmed by individually administered standardized achievement measures and comprehensive clinical assessment. For individuals age 17 years and older, a documented history of impairing learning difficulties may be substituted for the standardized assessment.
C. The learning difficulties begin during school-age years but may not become fully manifest until the demands for those affected academic skills exceed the individual’s limited capacities.
D. The learning difficulties are not better accounted for by intellectual disabilities, corrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental or neurological disorders, sychosocial adversity, lack of proficiency in the language of academic instruction, or nadequate educational instruction.
1. Specifier:
* Dyslexia (reading)
* Dysgraphia (writing)
* Dyscalculia (numbers
2. Specifier:
* Mild
* Moderate
* Severe
Specific Learning Disorder
- Children that perform coordinated activities at a level well below that of others their age.
Biological Etiology: Genetic factors, brain abnormalities, birth injuries, lead poisoning, inappropriate diet, sensory or perceptual dysfunction, and poor teaching.
What dx. is this?
Developmental Coordination Disorder
A. Repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior
B. The repetitive motor behavior interferes with social, academic, or other activities
and may result in self-injury.
C. Onset is in the early developmental period.
D. The repetitive motor behavior is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or neurological condition and is not better explained by another
neurodevelopmental or mental disorder (e.g., trichotillomania, obsessive-compulsive
disorder).
1. Specifier:
* With self-injurious behavior
* Without self-injurious behavior
2. Specifier:
* Mild
* Moderate
* Severe
3. Specifier:
* Associated with a known genetic or other
medical condition, neurodevelopmental
disorder, or environmental factor
What dx. is this?
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
A. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently.
B. The tics may increase or decrease in frequency but have persisted for more than 1 year since first tic onset.
C. Onset is before age 18 years.
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g.,
cocaine) or another medical condition (e.g., Huntington’s disease, postviral encephalitis).
Tourette’s Disorder
A. Single or multiple motor or vocal tics have been present during the illness, but not both motor and vocal. (BOTH IS TOURETTE’S)
B. The tics may increase or decrease in frequency but have persisted for more than 1 year since first tic onset.
C. Onset is before age 18 years.
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., cocaine) or another medical condition (e.g., Huntington’s disease, postviral encephalitis).
E. Criteria have never been met for Tourette’s disorder.
1. Specifier:
* Motor tics only
* Vocal tics only
Provisional Tic Disorder:
* Duration is less than a year since first
tic onset.
Take note:
More than 1 year : Persistent
Less than 1 year : Provisional
Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
Px. can exhibit the following complex motor tic sx.:
* Echopraxia (repeating oberserved behavior) (mimicry based)
* Copropraxia (sexual/taboo behavior) (impulse based)
Praxia: behavior
Px. can exhibit the following complex vocal tic sx.:
* Palilalia (repetition of own words)
* Echolalia (repetition of heard words)
* Coprolalia (sexual/taboo words)
Lalia: speech
Take note
