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Lab Values and Diseases > Neuroendocrine > Flashcards

Neuroendocrine Flashcards

1
Q

When a person ages the is decerased __ absorbed via intestines leadng to increased bone resorption which causes osteoporosis and osteopinea

A

Ca2+

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2
Q

When someone has acidemia you would sus. (increase/decrease) Ca2+ ionized in blood

A

Increase because of H+ competition of spots on albumin

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3
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism: TSH, TRH, and T4

A

1) Decreased T4
2) Increased TSH and TRH

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4
Q

1) Where is 25-hydroxylase
2) Function

A

1) Liver
2) Cholecalcifeol -> 25-OH- cholecalciferol

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5
Q

Visuospatial Loop contains the ___. what is the function.

A

1) Occipital Cortex
2) Provide/interpret the visual information associated with the memory

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6
Q

When there is decreased iodine (T4 or T3) is favored

A

T3

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7
Q

____ is the ability to understand the mental states of others and to appreciate how these different from our own

A

Theory of Mind

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8
Q

Lab values of Hypoparathyroidism

A

1) Decreased PTH
2) Decreased Vit D.
3) Decreased Ca2+
4) Increased Pi

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9
Q

___ provides place and direct contexual information about enviroment in which stimuli is experienced

A

Hippocampus

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10
Q

_____ and ____ are important for motor response associated with navigating env. toward desirable cue

A

1) Substantia Nigra
2) Dorsal Stratum

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11
Q

Secondary Def. of Cortisol Lab Values

A

1) Decreased Cortisol
2) Incresed CRH
3) Decreased ACTH

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12
Q

Sadness is produced via ___

A

Lower sector of anterior cingulate cortex

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13
Q

Regulation of Catacholamine Synthesis

A

1) Sympathetic Activity via ACh
2) CRH-ACTH-Cortisol Axis via increasing PNMT

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14
Q

Rickets and Osteomalacia are caused via deficit ___ meetabolism

A

Vit D

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15
Q

Within follicular cells what enzyme is needed to recycle MIT and DIT?

A

Intrathyroidal Deiodinase

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16
Q

Estrogen and Testosterone Promote ___ formation

A

Bone

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17
Q

What anatomy structures are involved in Consolidation

A

1) Papz Circuit
2) Temporal Lobes
3) Hippocampis

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18
Q

Clinical signs of Pheochromcytoma

A

1) Hypertension
2) Headaches
3) Palpitations
4) Sweating

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19
Q

Indicators of Hypocalcemia (2 Signs)

A

1) Chrostek Sign: Twitching of Facial Muscles when tap on Facial nerve
2) Trousseau Sign: Carpopedal Spasms upon infation of BP cuff

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20
Q

What is Conns Syndrome

A

Primary Hyperaldosterone

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21
Q

T4, TSH, and TRH for Primary Hyperthyroidism

A

1) Increased TH
2) Decreased TSH and TRH

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22
Q

Lack of estrogen in females causes ___ which leads to osteoporsis

A

Increased bone resorption

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23
Q

Spatial Memory: Place Cells Function and Location

A

1) function: fire when specific place or recalling a specific place
2) Hippocampus

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24
Q

Two requirements for Emotional Comprehension

A

1) Core Pathway: Amygdala, Medial Temp. Lobes, Orbitofrontal Areas
2) Acessory Pathways
- Execuative Function
- ** Important in the young

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25
Q

Lab Values of Pseudohypoparathyroidis

A

1) Increased PTH
2) Decreased Vit D
3) Decreased Ca2+
4) Increaed Pi

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26
Q

PTH in the Kidney inhibits ____ transporter and this decreases ___.

A

1) Na+/ Pi
2) Pi

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27
Q

PTH binds to a ____ receptor and increases intracellular ___.

A

1) GPCR
2) cAMP

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28
Q

Secondary Hyperthyroidism: TSH. TH. TRH

A

1) Increased TH
2) Increased TSH
3) Decreased TRH

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29
Q

Avoidance is produced by __, __, __.

A

Entorhinal cortex, Dorsal Midbrain, Lateral Posterior hypothalamus

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30
Q

___ memory is the fact you learned for the test; these are stored in your memory

A

Declarative

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31
Q

Consolidation of memories requires ____

A

Continued activation of Circuit (Papez Circuit)

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32
Q

Thermoregulation: Hypothalmus controls ANS reflexes via sending _____ from the ____ to 3 areas. ___, ____, ___.

A

1) Dorsolongitudinal Fasiciculus
2) Paraventricular Nucleus
3) Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
4) Nucleus Ambiguous
5) Parasympathetic neurons in SC

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33
Q

Symptoms of Primary Hyperparathryoidism

A

Stones, Bones, and Groans

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34
Q

Inhibition of Na/Pi is because of the downstream affects of when PTH binds to its receptor in the Kidney ___ tubule. This causes an increase of ____.

A

1) Proximal Tubule
2) cAMP

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35
Q

Lab of Familial Hypocalcuric Hypercalcemia (FHH)

A

1) Normal or elevated PTH
2) Increased Ca2
3) Decreased Ca2+ in urine
4) Pi normal
5) Vit D normal

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36
Q

What is secondary hyperaldosterone caused by

A

Excessive renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells

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37
Q

___ is used to create physiological response to emotion

__ is impotant b/c orders are stong stimuli for emotion

___ is tied to pleasure, Digust

___ links emotion to memory creation. surrounding regions related to surprise

___ Strongly linked with fear and anger

___ is higher level control; sadness

A

Hypothalamus

Olfactory Cortex

Basal ganglia

Hippocampis

Amygdala

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

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38
Q

Primary Adrenal Excess Lab values

A

1) Increased Cortisol
2) Decreased CRH and ACTH

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39
Q

Lab values of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency

A

1) Decreased Cortisol
2) Increased ACTH
3) Increased CRH
4) Hyperpigmentaation

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40
Q

When we need to decrease metabolism we will convert T3 to its inactive form via ….

A

Type 3 deiodinase

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41
Q

Retrieval requires ____ or using the memory; bringing it into ____ memory; It can also be ___ or ___ at this point.

A

1) Recalling
2) Working memory
3) Modified or Lost

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42
Q

Suprise is priduced via ____

A

Parahippocampal gyrus (Detecting novelty)

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43
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Causes

A

1) Renal Failure
2) Vitamin D Def.

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44
Q

List the 3 systems in dicision making

A

1) Stimulus Encoding System
2) Action Selection System
3) Expected Reward System

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45
Q

What structures are in the mesolimbic system

A

1) VTA
2) NA
3) Prefrontal Cortex
4) Limbic System

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46
Q

T3 leads to increased metabolism. Which product that it upregulates to increase O2 consumption

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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47
Q

Exophthalmomos is an clinical sign of ___

A

Graves Disease

48
Q

Type 2 deiodinase is important for which organ

A

Brain

49
Q

M-CSF is increased via ___

A

PTH

50
Q

What 3 things does reward have?

A

1) Hedoric Effect of pleasure
2) Motivation to obtain reward b/c of its salience
3) Associated Learning

51
Q

In the kidney, Vit D causes decreased ___ excretion and promotes ____ via promoting synthesis of ___ transporter

A

1) Pi
2) Resorption
3) NPT2a Transporter (Na/Pi)

52
Q

why is spatial memory important?

A

Scaffold for reconstruction of entire memory

53
Q

Crushing Syndrome is caused by increased ____

A

Cholesterol

54
Q

Creating Declarative Memories: Steps-

A

Encoding, Storage, Consolidation, Retrieval

55
Q

Describe the process of retrieval

A

1) Memories from storage area -> Parahippocampal cortex
2) Hippocampus then reconstructs memory
3) Hippocampus -> Cortex via Parahippocampal region which keeps the trace (Prolonging life)
4) Working Memory where phonological loop and visuospatial loop feed to Central executive

56
Q

Thermoregulation: ____ and ___ nuclei of the hypothalamus detects ____.

A

1) Supraoptic and preoptic
2) Core temperature

57
Q

____ promotes behavior consistent with survival of self and the species (Caring for young, eating food, mating, and exercise)

A

Pleasure and Hedonia

58
Q

___ is the ability to recoginze other peoples emotions

A

Emotional Comprehension

59
Q

What causes Congenital Hypothyroidism

A

Untreated postnatal hyperthyroidism

60
Q

Reward and Addiction: The amygdala plays a role in the symptom of ____.

A

Craving

61
Q

What is postpartum Hypopituitarism

A

Sheehan Syndrome: Caused by necrosis of pit. gland

62
Q

List two methods to change synaptic functions

A

1) Post-tetanic potentiation
2) Long-term potentiation (LTP)

63
Q

Type 3 deiodinase produces (active or inactive) T3

A

Inactive

64
Q

Secondary Pituitary Excess in terms of the cortisol pathway. Lab values

A

1) Increased Cortisol
2) Decreased CRH
3) Increased ACTH

65
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex in terms of reward and addiction is important for …..

A

Poor decision making and impulsive decisions

66
Q

___ is important for retreval of fear memories

A

Amygdala

67
Q

When used short term PTH can cause ___

A

Bone Resporption

68
Q

Phonological Loop includes ____ and ___. Describe the function.

A

1) Broca and Wernickes area
2) provides/interprets the auditory information associated with the memory

69
Q

Steroid Admin lab values

A

1) Decreased Cortisol, ACTH, CRH
2) Will have symptoms of excess

70
Q

Scheehan Syndrome is caused by what?

A

Necrosis of Pituitary Gland

71
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex intems of HOP of emotion

A

1) Reward Processing
2) Gut-feeling
3) Delayed Gratification (“Top-Down”

72
Q

In LTP, calcium can bind to ___ or ___ in the post-synaptic cell. When it binds to ____, then it increases phosphorylation of ____ receptor and causes increased Na influx in response to EAA. When it binds to ___ it activates NOS and produces ___, which produces ___ and ___ in the pre-synaptic cell.

A

1) Calmodulin or Calcineurin
2) Calmodulin
3) AMPA
4) Calcineurin
5) NO
6) Increased cGMP and IIncreased NT release

73
Q

Reward and Addiction: Hippocampus

A

Lasting memories that is assocated with rewarding feeling with circumstance and enviroment “Condidtioned Association”

74
Q

___ is caused by mutant CaSR causing inactivation

A

Familiual Hypocalceris Hypercalcemia

75
Q

Where is Thyroglobulin Protein synthesized?

A

Liver

76
Q

List the pattern of recognize Prosody

A

1) Primary Auditory Corteex: Identification
2) Posterior Superior Aud. Cortex: Joing of information from visual and other corticies give it meaning
3) Frontal Cortex: Judgement of the Prosody

77
Q

Dynorphin binds to ____ opioid receptors on neurons in VTA

A

Kappa

78
Q

List examples of changes in the structure of neurons interms of plasticity.

A

1) Gain/loss of synapses
2) Strucural changes in dendrites
3) Structureal changes in soma of neuron

79
Q

Disgust is prduced via ____ and ____. Descrustion of ____ is seen in Huntington Disease

A

1) Putamen
2) Insular Cortex
3) Insular cortex

80
Q

Place cells recieve input from ___ ___ ___

A

1) Grid cells of entorhinal cortex
2) Head Direction Cells
3) Border Cells

81
Q

Define Dopamine-hypothesis of reward

A

Inactivation of NA via VTA

82
Q

1) ___, __, ___Evaluats evidence available in making decision; They work in the _____ system
2) __ Learns and encodes the subjective value of results and error detection. Its apart of the ___ system.
3) ___, ___, ___, ___ predicts the expected reward and is apart of the _____ system.
4) Explicit Risks relies on _____
5) Ambiguous Risks relies on ___ and ____

A

1) Orbitofrontal Cortex, Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, striatum; Stimulus encoding system
2) Anterior Cingulate Cortex; Action Selection System
3) Basal Ganglia, Amygadala, Insular Cortex, Intraparietal Cortex; Expected Reward System
4) Stimulus Encoding Sys.
5) Expected Reward and Action Selction Reward Sys.

83
Q

Primary Adrenal Excess is known as _____.

A

Cushing Disease

84
Q

Renal Failure Lab Values

A

1) Increased BUN
2) Increased PTH
3) Decreased Ca2+
4) Decreased Vit D
5) Increased Pi (can’t secrete since you know kidneys messed up)

85
Q

___ is caused by an inherited autosomal dominant disorder; Gs is defective for PTH in bone and kidney is defective

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

86
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism

A

Hashimotos Thyroiditis

87
Q

___ signals prediction error between expected outcome and actual reward exp.

A

VTA

88
Q

Lab Values for Parahyperthyroidism

A

1) Increased PTH
2) Increased Vit D
3) Increased Ca2+
3) Decreased Pi

89
Q

Shivering is caused via what structure

A

Dorsomedial Posterior Hypothalamus

90
Q

Thermoregulation:Anterior portion of the hypothalamus deals wit ___ while the posterior deals with ___.

A

1) Heat
2) Cooling

91
Q

In a lab you might detect ___ in the blood which would lead you to suspect humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.

A

PTHrP

92
Q

Despite increased FFA and glucose into the plasma there is an overall decrease in ___ with increased TH.

A

Cholesterol

93
Q

____ provides visual input that we work with.

A

Psterior Sector of Superior Temporal Sulcus

94
Q

Anger is produced by the ___ and is suppressed via ___,___,___ influences

A

1) Amygdala
2) Neocortical, Septal, Hypothalamic Influences

95
Q

SKIN: _____ is the precursor of vitamin D and becomes a 25-OH-Cholecalciferol via UV light

A

Cholecalciferol

96
Q

Secondary Hypothyroidism: TSH. TRH, TH

A

1) Decreased TH
2) Decreased TSH
3) Increased TRH

97
Q

__ binds and activates same receptors as PTH

A

PTHrP

98
Q

____ is recalling a fact for use in a test question, Its similar to short-term memory.

A

Working Memory

99
Q

PTH cause osteoblasts to upregulate ___ and down regulate ___

Vit D. cause Osteoblast to upregulate ___

A

1) RANKL
2) OPG
3) RANKL

100
Q

Lab Values for Vit D. Def

A

1) Increased PTH
2) Decreased Vit D
3) Decreased Pi
3) Decreased Ca2+

101
Q

The production of memory and learning requires the induction of ____ and ____ plasticity.

A

1) Neuronal
2) Synaptic

102
Q

Addisons Disease is ___ adrenal insufficiency

A

Primary

103
Q

Consolidation Physiology starts with ___ and then is continued with ____. There will also be a creation of new ____ in associated regions of the brain.

A

1_ LTP

2) Papez Vircuit
3) Synapses

104
Q

Lab Values of Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

A

1) Decreased PTH
2) Increased cAMP in Urine
3) Decreased Pi Blood and Increased Pi Urine
4) Increased Urine in Blood
5) Increased Ca2+ and in urine
6) Decreased Vit D

105
Q

___ is characterized via circulating autoantibodies that act on the thyroid to cause hyperthyroidism

A

Graves

106
Q

The Ventral (anterior) Region of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex does whatinterms of HOP of Emotion?

A

1) Integration of all sensory and emotional processing
2) Controlling emotional Display (Poker Face vs Crying)
3) Conflict Detection = what new information has the power to change how im feeling

107
Q

Type 1 and 2 deiodinase produces (active or inactive) T3

A

Active

108
Q

Dopamine-independent reward pathway utilizes ___ opoids

A

endogenous

109
Q
A
110
Q

Cingulate Cortex is also important for ___. This is why you fell emotions after event has passed

A

After-discharge

111
Q

Causes of Hypoparathyroidism

A

1) Thyroid Surgery
2) Parathyroid Surgery

112
Q

Working Memory: Central Executive Function and Location

A

1) Directs/Uses (Deetermines the information)
2) Prefrontal Cortex

113
Q

Recognizing Facial Expressions:

1) ___ and ___ I dentify the face as something special
2) ___, __, ___ bring in the emtional aspect and allow us to basically identify the emotion

*** NOTE: ___ directs gaze to triangle (eyes, mouth, and nose) and damage leads to you not methodically scanning the face.

A

1) Superior Temporal Sulcus
2) Fusiform Gyrus
3) Amygdala, Ant. Cingulate Cortex, and Prefrontal Cortex
4) Amygdala

114
Q

What neurons fire when you explore a new place?

A

Grid cells of Entorhinal Cortex

115
Q

VTA is stimulated by:

A

1) Hypothalamus via Orexin
2) Dorsal Tegmental Area via ACh
3) Prefrontal Cortex via EAA

116
Q

In Pseudohypoparathyroidism, ___ is affected in the GPCR system in bone.

A

Gs

117
Q

PTH increases Ca2+ resorption in the ___ tubule

A

Distal

Lab Values and Diseases (1 decks)

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