Neuroendocrine Stress Flashcards
(13 cards)
What does the endocrine system consist of?
Glands that secrete hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, stress responses, and reproduction
Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and others.
How do hormones act on target cells?
Through specific receptors, either extracellularly (hydrophilic hormones) or intracellularly (lipophilic hormones)
Hydrophilic hormones interact with receptors on the cell surface, while lipophilic hormones can pass through the cell membrane.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the neuroendocrine system?
Acts as the master control centre, secreting releasing hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland
Examples of releasing hormones include CRH, TRH, and GnRH.
What is the sequence of the HPA axis activation during stress?
Stress → Hypothalamus releases CRH & AVP → Pituitary releases ACTH → Adrenals secrete cortisol
This sequence is central to the body’s stress response.
What is the function of cortisol in the body?
Helps the body cope with stress
Chronic elevation of cortisol can impair health, leading to issues like depression and immune dysfunction.
What maintains homeostasis in the neuroendocrine system?
Negative feedback
For example, cortisol inhibits the release of CRH and ACTH.
What are two disorders associated with adrenal dysfunction?
- Addison’s disease (underactivity)
- Cushing’s syndrome (overactivity)
These disorders significantly affect endocrine health.
What is the effect of acute stress on cortisol levels?
Triggers short-term cortisol release, which is beneficial for adaptation
It helps the body respond effectively to immediate challenges.
What happens to the HPA axis during chronic stress?
It becomes dysregulated, leading to high cortisol levels
This dysregulation is linked to mental health issues like depression and PTSD.
What is the purpose of the dexamethasone suppression test?
To assess HPA axis feedback and diagnose mood disorders
It evaluates how cortisol levels respond to dexamethasone administration.
What factors influence vulnerability to mood disorders?
- Genetic predisposition (family history)
- Early life stress (neglect, abuse)
- Environmental factors
These factors can increase the risk of developing mood disorders.
How do early adverse experiences affect the HPA axis?
They program HPA axis hyperactivity, increasing long-term risk for depression and cognitive/emotional dysfunctions
This programming can have lasting effects on mental health.
What impact has COVID-19 had on mental health?
Exacerbated stress and impacted mental health worldwide
Chronic stress from the pandemic is linked to physical illnesses like heart disease and diabetes.
