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Endocrinology > Neuroendocrine System > Flashcards

Neuroendocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary type of neutrons in the endocrine system

A

Unipolar neurons

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2
Q

What is the third ventricle in the brain associated with?

A

The diencephalon (inter brain)

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3
Q

Where is the CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus

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4
Q

What is the lateral ventricle associated with?

A

Cortex

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5
Q

What is the hypothalamic sulcus?

A

Border between the thalamus (above) and hypothalamus (below).

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6
Q

What is the anterior border of the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior commissure- connects the two parts of the brain

Lamina terminalis- end of the neural tube in early development

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7
Q

What is the posterior border of the hypothalamus?

A

Mammillary bodies

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8
Q

What is the medial border of the hypothalamus?

A

3rd ventricle

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9
Q

What is the lateral border of the hypothalamus?

A

Internal capsule

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10
Q

What is the tuber cinereum?

A

Swelling at the base of the brain; median eminence

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11
Q

Function of anterior hypothalamus

A

Hormone release from anterior pituitary,
Hormones released for reproduction and for sleep
Temperature regulation; dissipation of heat via vasodilation and activation of sweat glands

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12
Q

Function of middle hypothalamus

A

Hormone release for anterior and posterior pituitary

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13
Q

Function of posterior hypothalamus

A

Not involved in regulation of hormone rules ease and therefore has no endocrine function
Has mammillary bodies which form the circuit of parpae and hence mammillary formation
Temperature regulation; promote vasodilation in order to retain body heat; shivering response

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14
Q

what nucleus in the brain is sexually dimorph?

A

the medial preoptic nucleus; it affects hormones. The size of the nuclei is determined during development. the exposure of certain sex hormones to the brain dictates the size of the nuclei: how many neurons there are, how big they get

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15
Q

what is the in the anterior hypothalamus?

A

preoptic nuclei:
venterolateral- sleep/wakefullness
medial- parvocellular homrone control –> REPRODUCTION

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16
Q

relationship between the venterolateral preoptic nucleus and the suprachiastmic nucleus

A

they inhibit each other

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17
Q

nuclei in the middle hypothalamus

A

paraventricular nucleus: mangocellular hormones and parvocellulr hormones and autonomic control
supraoptic nucleus: magnocellular hormones
arcuate nucleus: parvocellular hormones; visceral functions
suprachiasmatic nucleus: circadian rhythm
periventricular parvocellular hormones

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18
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

mamillary bodies: memory

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19
Q

pathway with suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

light goes through retina, through retinohypothalamic projections to the suprachiastmic nucleus, then to the paraventriculat nucleus then to the pineal gland

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20
Q

periventricular zone

A

medial group of nuclei bordering the 3rd ventricle regulates release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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21
Q

middle zone

A

nuclei that release hormones from the posterior pituitary

also contain neurons that regulate ANS

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22
Q

lateral zone of the hypothalamus

A

integration of limbic input

expression of behaviour

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23
Q

development of the pituitary gland

A

anterior- epithelial tissue origin; roof of oral cavity, then migrate up and fuses with the posterior pituitary
posterior- from neural tissue; neuroectoderm

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24
Q

anterior pituitary

A

produces and secretes trophic hormones that influence other endocrine glands
is influenced by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

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25
posterior pituitary
does not produce hormones; instead stores and secretes hormones that are produced by paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
26
parvocellular neurosecretory cells
small cell bodies, small amount of hormones produced. make connections directly onto blood vessel. cells secrete bioactive compounds that travel down capillary into the anterior lobe, where they leak out, there's a neurosecretory cell, then hormone gets activated or inhibited
27
magnocellular neurosecretory cells
large neuronal cell bodies project directly down infundibulum and connect to capillaries in the posterior lobe and release compound into circulation produce alot of hormones and very active in protein synthesis the proteins have to travel a long way
28
three regions of paraventricular nucleus
periventricular portion- parvocellular division --> anterior pituitary middle zone --> master controller of ANS lateral zone of paraventricular nuceus- magnocellular division --> psoterior pituitary
29
what are the two inputs to posterior pituitary?
supraoptic nucleus and lateral portion of paraventricular nucleus
30
*** what is the importance of the hypophyseal portal system? ***
has two capillary beds 1. in median eminence (swelling on the base) 2. in anterior pituitary neurons aren't specialised to produce a large amount--> only small amounts. if you were to secrete this small amount of compound into the blood it would dilute out and not be very active. therefore the small vein is only 1cm so you dont need to secrete alot and it wont dilute out much more before it hits the 2nd capillary bed and neurosecretory endocrine cells
31
three types of capillaries
continuous- basement membrane is tight fenestrated- basement membrane remains tight but endothelial layer has holes in it sinusoid- incomplete basement membrane and large intercellular gaps in endothelial layer --> very leaky
32
types of capillaries in endocrine organs
fenestrated and sinusoid
33
herring bodies
axonal vesicles where hormones are stored within the posterior pituitary
34
neurohemal junction
where nerves and blood interact. blood brain barrier is absent
35
hormones produced by the posterior pituitary
ADH and oxytocin
36
why can damage to magnocellular projections after head injury cause disturbed homeostasis?
gland sits inside bony cavity; therefore in a brain injury when the brain moves you are exerting force to pituitary stalk and it may break axons (which release ADH) therefore no ADh and no urine
37
effect of water consumption and ectasy
ectasy increases ADH release - lots of water - inhibited urine production - increases blood pressure which can be fatal
38
blood brain barrier
capillary endothelial cells in the brain are joined by tight junctions providing effective barrier to keep out foreign substances glial cells control how much fluid goes inside brain
39
how can brain injury and damage to the BBB cause neurogenic shock?
due to transient shutdown of neurological function because nerve cells cant act
40
areas with leaky BBB
``` area postrema- vomitting centre pineal gland subcommissural organ subfornical organ lamina terminalis ```
41
glial cells involved in one way BBB
tanycytes along the third ventricle wall alpha tanycytes- don't possess barrier properties beta tanycytes- function as gatekeeper cells, controlling the passage of substances from the leaky median eminience to the arcuate nucleus leaky from brain tissue to blood- substance in CSF leaks into hypothalamus not leaky from blood to brain tissue
42
brain regions involved with controlling food intake
arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus
43
what happens when we eat
release of leptin and insulin | signal of satiety, these hormones act as a brake on the arcuate nucleus
44
what happens when we are hungry
ghrelin is produced by stomach which has a positive effects on the arcuate nucleus
45
steps of fetal brain during child birth
1. activation of fetal pituitary gland 2. release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary 3. stimulates fetal adrenal glands 4. release cortisol 5. cortisol acts on the placenta 6. increase in estrogen (softens ligaments and muscles for childbirth), decrease in progestoerone 7. increase of oxytocin from posterior --> induces milk secretion of mammary glands and induces contractions of wall of uterus 8. start contractions 9. baby starts to push head on opening of uterus 10. triggers relfex in mother which goes to the spinal cord back up to the hypothalamus and the mother also starts to release oxytocin --> further compounds contractions
46
why do the doctors put women on oxytocin when they have an epidural?
when you silence the pain from that region, you silence the reflex that travels up to the hypothalamus and stimulates oxytocin release, which further promotes contractions. so oxytocin compensates for this loss of reflex
47
why is abnormal fetal brain development associated with difficult and hard labour?
because if the fetal hypothalamus is not wokring, you are not hitting the induction phase
48
three parts of the anterior pituitary
pars distalis- largest part and produces most hormones pars intermedia- produces MSH pars tuberalis- forms collar around stalk, no endocrine cells
49
where do hypothalamic neurons from the ANS terminate?
brain stem or spinal cord level
50
what is the difference between SNS innervation and somatic innervation
SNS has a 2nd neuron in between, skeletal muscle only has one neuron
51
where do spinal cord neurons of ANS originate and what levels of the spinal cord is this?
from the lateral horn C8-L2 (SNS) S2-S4 (PNS) intermediolateral cell column
52
sympathetic nerve fibres and spinal nerve
SNS fibres go in via white ramus (myelinates) and out via grey ramus (non-myelinated)
53
splanchnic nerve
don't terminate in the first autoneuron, has a second autoneuron preganglionic fibres and synapse in the synpathetic prevertebral ganglia
54
NT released from preganglionic neuron
Ach
55
NT release from popganglionic neuron
Ne or ACh (sweat glands)
56
difference between SNS and PNS
SNS has short preganglionic fibre and long postganglionic fibre SNS releases NE while PNS releases Ach
57
example where SNS and PNS are not separate but work together
pineal gland secretes melatonin, driven through sympathetic ganglia and sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord even though associated with sleep
58
ANS
maintains point to point contact via axons transmit message instantly NTs diffuse very quickly therefore effects are more short lasting
59
Endocrine system
wireless, hormone messages to all body cells by secretion into bloodstream slow transmission only cells with receptor respond effects are more long lasting
60
the three endocrine organs located in the brain
hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland
61
difference between endocrine and exocrine glands
endocrine- ductless, produce hormones, hormones are released into blood stream. highly vascularised exocrine- ducted, produce enzymes, enzymes are released into ducts
62
exocrine pancreas
develops from mucosa of duodenum and still maintains contacts to its origin via the pancreatic duct
63
endocrine pancreas
islet cells, also develops from mucosa but loses contact to its origin and becomes ductless
64
blood supply to adrenal glands
3 major arteries
65
blood supply to thyroid
2 major paired arteris and 6 veins
66
blood supply to hypothalamus and pituitary
2 major paired arteries
67
blood supply to pancreas
numerous branches
68
why do endocrine organs have extensive blood supply?
ensure arrival of nutrients and oxygen to endocrine organs | ensures reliable distribution of hormones away from the producing organs into the body
69
what are the two portal venous system and their importance
hepatic portal system pituitary portal system veins between two capillary beds
70
pineal gland
located in the posterior aspect of diencephalon produces melatonin - controls circadian rhythm
71
how does melatonin production change with age?
as we are young we produce higher melatonin levels because melatonin indirectly inhibits the release of gonadotrophin secretion to prevent the onset of puberty before the appropriate age
72
histology of the pineal gland
no neurons but do find astrocytes have pinealocytes which secrete melatonin; responsive to light
73
connection between the suprachiastmic nucleus and pineal gland
pineal gland secretes melatonin | not a hormonal connection
74
development of the thyroid gland
two in development which merge later thyroid comes from the back of the tongue (foramen caecum) and descends downwards along the thyroglossal duct
75
how do you locate thyroid?
thyroid is an iodine trap | inject radioactive iodine into blood stream, this is taken up by the thryoid and shows where it is
76
why does a non-working thyroid become enlarged?
signals from hypothalamus are growth related signals; TSH acts as a growth signal
77
if a babie's thryoid doesn't descend
scan with radioactive iodine if high in the jaw bone it didn't descencd and therfore didn't pick up full extent of vasculature not as responsive baby has 10 fold levels of TSH than normal, because brain is trying to compensate and produce more T4 remains in reference range (free hormone) however brain still says not enough TSH is very responsive to medication
78
histology of the thyroid gland
follicle cells produce thyroxine | c-cells located between follicles produce calcitonin
79
what are thyroid follicles filled with?
colloid which contain thyroglobulin
80
parathroid glands
four small glands in the posterior pituitary produce parathyroid hormone composed of small chief cells that produce PTH and large oxyphils cells highly vascularised if your thryoid needs to be removed, they try to leave in parathyroid glands betwen you can't love without them
81
regulation of calcilum and phosphorous
thyroid gland produces calcitonin in response to high calcium. calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in the brain parathyroid gland produces PTH in response to low calcium. Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release calcium in blood
82
four layers of adrenal gland
``` adrenal cortex - zone glomerulosa - zona fasiculata - zone reticularis non-neuro origin ``` adrenal medulla neuro origin
83
dual blood supply of the medulla
medullary arterioles and venous blood from the cortical capillaries
84
where are pancreatic islet cells more dense?
tail of the pancreas

Endocrinology (5 decks)

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