Neurogenic Communication Disorders

Question 1

neurogenic etiologies

Answer 1

usually a disease or trauma

Question 2

progressive neurological disorders

Answer 2

• parkinson’s
• multiple sclerosis
• myasthenis Gravis

Question 3

parkinson’s

Answer 3

-deterioration of the substantia nigra in the basil ganglia and areas of the brainstem

Question 4

what neurotransmitter is lacking in the motor system in parkinson’s

Answer 4

dopamine

Question 5

what is the cause of parkinson’s?

Answer 5

unknown

some forms are genetically inherited

Question 6

symptoms of parkinson’s

Answer 6

• resting tremor, slow movement, rigidity,festination

- varying rates of deterioration

Question 7

speech symptoms of parkinson’s

Answer 7

low vocal volume, vocal tremor, imprecise and slow articulation

Question 8

how is the disease treated?

Answer 8

no cure, but is managed with medication that supply part of the dopamine molecule to the brain

Question 9

what is speech therapy for parkinson’s usually focused on?

Answer 9

• help people maintain skills
• slow down rate of decline in speech
• focus on techniques to maintain adequate vocal volume, which shows improvement in voice and artic
• oromotor exercises and speech over artic strategies also help

Question 10

parkinsonism

Answer 10

a cluster of symptoms similar to those of parkinsons although secondary to another eitiology such as alzheimer’s or multiple strokes

Question 11

what is Ms?

Answer 11

a disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the myelin surrounding neuronal axons

Question 12

what is myelin?

Answer 12

the fatty substance that is contained in some specialized glial cells (support cells) in the central nervous system that wrap around the axons of neurons
-myelinated neurons can conduct neural signals at a much faster rate than unmyelinated neurons

Question 13

how does the lack of myelin affect Ms?

Answer 13

nerual signals cannot travel as fast as they ordinarily would and as a result, motor movement is slow and imprecise

Question 14

MS medical treatment?

Answer 14

corticosteroids

Question 15

speech symptoms of MS

Answer 15

• imprecise articulation
• slow and labored speech
• hoarse and breathy vocal quality
• difficult maintaining volume

Question 16

what does MS speech therapy focus on?

Answer 16

-compensatory strategies to maximize speech production

Question 17

what is myasthenia gravis?

Answer 17

• problem occurs are neuromuscular junction
• autoimmune disease
• body attacks the muscular receptors for acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter
• deterioration occurs quickly and regains function after a period of rest

Question 18

MG treatment

Answer 18

-managed with drugs (mixed effects)

Question 19

MG speech therapy

Answer 19

slp can give short term strategies for maximizing speech intelligibility
-augmentive communication strategies

Question 20

embolic stroke

Answer 20

artery is blocked by an embolism, usually arterial plaque, but also possibly a blood clot
(not the worst kind of stroke)

Question 21

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 21

-a bleed in a blood vessel, often caused by hypertension

doesn’t respond to drugs, more serious

Question 22

arteriovenous malformation

Answer 22

congenital defect in the vascular supply to the brain, AVMs are prone to hemmorhage

Question 23

risk factors for cva

Answer 23

• hypertension (high blood pressure loosens the plaque which makes it liable to clot-embolism)
• diabetes (weakens blood vessels-hemorrhage)
• irregular heartbeat

Question 24

prognosis depends on

Answer 24

-age, premorbid language function, location of lesion

Question 25

verbal apraxia

Answer 25

praxis with speaking

Question 26

oral apraxia

Answer 26

praxis with all voluntary movements ex) can't round lips OR produce /w/ sound

Question 27

treatment for apraxia

Answer 27

- teaching placement | - giving feedback (Sensory)

Question 28

white matter tracts

Answer 28

bundles of neurons the allow the brain to communicate with the body

Question 29

upper motor neurons

Answer 29

connect cortex with brainstem and spinal cord

Question 30

stroke affecting white matter symptoms

Answer 30

``` speech is slow and labored -imprecise -tongue is often bunched in back of mouth -harsh vocal quality -mandible doesn't open freely result=spastic dysarthria ```

Question 31

white matter therapy focusses on...

Answer 31

- massaging muscles - heat reduces muscle tensions - reducing muscle tone - improving range of motion